Dr. Lea 1 INTRODUCTION TO GROSS ANATOMY​ Terms and Positions

Question 1

What is anatomical position? What is a clinical significance of it?

Answer 1

Refers to the body position as if the person were standing upright in front of you with the: Head, eyes and toes directed anteriorly (forward)​ ​ Upper extremities at the sides with the palms facing anteriorly​ ​ Lower extremities close together with the feet parallel​ Penis erect The standard for looking at a ​ CXR (chest x ray)

Question 2

What are the characteristics of reading an X-ray?

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Answer 2

Air appears black, fat appears gray, soft tissues and water appear as lighter shades of ​gray​

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Less dense tissues appear ​dark on the film (radiolucent)​

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Bone and metal appear white ​The denser the tissue, the more white it appears ​on x-ray (radiopaque)

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Question 3

What side is left and what side is right?

Answer 3

Anatomical position, therefore left is the right side and right is the left side

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Question 4

What are the 3 main anatomical planes?

Answer 4

Sagittal
Coronal
Transverse

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Question 5

The ______ plane is a vertical plane passing through the body parallel to the median plane.

The ______ plane is a vertical plane passing longitudinally through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

The ______ is a vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (ventral or front) and posterior (dorsal or back) parts.

The ______ is a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

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Answer 5

Sagittal

Median

Coronal (Frontal)

Transverse

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Question 6

What are the 3 main sections/cuts?

Answer 6

longitudinal section •Runs lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body or any of its parts. The term applies regardless of the position of the body

transverse section •Slices of the body or its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or any of its parts

oblique section •Slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along the previously listed anatomical planes

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Question 7

True or False: a transverse section of the foot lies in the frontal plane

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Answer 7

True

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Question 8

Name the structures and orientation of this photo?

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Answer 8

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Question 9

Name the terms of relation and comparison (the relative position of a structure compared to another, there is about 12)

Answer 9

Question 10

What are the 3 terms to describe depth in the human body?

Answer 10

• Superficial
• Intermediate
• Deep

Question 11

• ______ – means outside of or farther from the center or cavity
• ______ – means inside or closer to the center

Answer 11

External

Internal

Question 12

What are the 4 terms of laterality?

Answer 12

• Bilateral – both sides, paired structures having right and left members (e.g. eyes, kidneys, testes)
• Unilateral – those occurring on one side only (e.g. spleen)
• The term ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body (e.g. the left hand and left foot are ipsilateral to one another)
• Contralateral refers to opposite side of the body (e.g. the left thumb is contralateral to the right big toe)

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Question 13

•The _____ position of the body lying on the back. As on an operating table.

•

•The ______ position is lying face downward

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Answer 13

supine

prone

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Question 14

True or False: several non-skeletal structures exhibit movement

Answer 14

True, (e.g. tongue, lips and eyelids)

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Question 15

______ and _______ generally occur in sagittal plane

______ indicates straightening or increasing the angle between bones or body parts.

• •It usually takes place in a ______ direction

______ indicates bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.

• •It is usually an ______ movement, but it is occasionally posterior, as in the case of the knee joint

Answer 15

Flexion and Extension

Extension Posterior

Flexion Anterior

Question 16

True or False: Flexion and extension of vertebral column at intervertebral (facet) joints

Answer 16

True

Question 17

______ flexion is a movement of the trunk in the coronal plane

Answer 17

•Lateral

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Question 18

______ – flexion at the ankle joint (e.g. walking uphill or lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground.

______– bends the foot and toes toward the ground (e.g. standing on your toes)

Answer 18

• Dorsiflexion
• Plantar flexion

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Question 19

•Abduction and Adduction generally occur in a ______ plane.

Answer 19

coronal

Question 20

_______ is a movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane

______ is a movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane

Answer 20

• Abduction
• Adduction

For the fingers, the 3rd finger or middle finger is the neutrally positioned finger.

For the toes, the 2nd toe is the neutrally positioned toe.

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Question 21

What is flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the thumb?

Answer 21

Flexion and Extension – movement along the coronal plane (FEC-flex/ext-coronal plane)

Abduction and Adduction - movement along the sagittal plane (AAS)

Question 22

______– movement by which the pad of the 1st finger (thumb) is brought to another digit – to pinch, button a shirt, lift a teacup

______– movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position

Answer 22

• OPPOSITION
• REPOSITION

Question 23

______ is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially (internal)

•

______ is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing laterally (external)

Answer 23

• Medial rotation
• Lateral rotation

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Question 24

______ of the forearm is a medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly

•

______ of the forearm is a lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly

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Answer 24

• Pronation
• Supination

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Question 25

______ is the combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, abduction , extension, & adduction

Answer 25

•Circumduction

Question 26

_______– movement anteriorly

_______– movement posteriorly

•

______ is to move forward

______is to move backward

Answer 26

• Protrusion
• Retrusion
• Protraction
• Retraction

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Question 27

______ is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction

______ is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction

Answer 27

• Inversion
• Eversion

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Question 28

______ – raises or moves a part superiorly

______ – lowers or moves a part inferiorly

Answer 28

Elevation

Depression

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Question 29

TAKE HOME POINTS

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Answer 29

• 1. Anatomical terms always refer back to the “anatomical position”
• 2. Understand anatomical planes
• 3. Understand relationships – including medial, lateral, superior, inferior, dorsal (posterior), ventral (anterior) proximal, distal, superficial, intermediate, deep etc.
• 4. Understand terms of laterality
• 5. Understand terms of movement – flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, pronation, supination, inversion, eversion, elevation, depression etc.
• 6. Begin to understand the x ray appearance of structures

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Answer 30

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