Dr. Lea 1 INTRODUCTION TO GROSS ANATOMY Terms and Positions Flashcards
What is anatomical position? What is a clinical significance of it?
Refers to the body position as if the person were standing upright in front of you with the: Head, eyes and toes directed anteriorly (forward) Upper extremities at the sides with the palms facing anteriorly Lower extremities close together with the feet parallel Penis erect The standard for looking at a CXR (chest x ray)
What are the characteristics of reading an X-ray?
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Air appears black, fat appears gray, soft tissues and water appear as lighter shades of gray
Less dense tissues appear dark on the film (radiolucent)
Bone and metal appear white The denser the tissue, the more white it appears on x-ray (radiopaque)
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What side is left and what side is right?
Anatomical position, therefore left is the right side and right is the left side
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What are the 3 main anatomical planes?
Sagittal
Coronal
Transverse
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The ______ plane is a vertical plane passing through the body parallel to the median plane.
The ______ plane is a vertical plane passing longitudinally through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves
The ______ is a vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (ventral or front) and posterior (dorsal or back) parts.
The ______ is a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
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Sagittal
Median
Coronal (Frontal)
Transverse
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What are the 3 main sections/cuts?
longitudinal section •Runs lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body or any of its parts. The term applies regardless of the position of the body
transverse section •Slices of the body or its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or any of its parts
oblique section •Slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along the previously listed anatomical planes
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True or False: a transverse section of the foot lies in the frontal plane
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True
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Name the structures and orientation of this photo?
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Name the terms of relation and comparison (the relative position of a structure compared to another, there is about 12)
What are the 3 terms to describe depth in the human body?
- Superficial
- Intermediate
- Deep
- ______ – means outside of or farther from the center or cavity
- ______ – means inside or closer to the center
External
Internal
What are the 4 terms of laterality?
- Bilateral – both sides, paired structures having right and left members (e.g. eyes, kidneys, testes)
- Unilateral – those occurring on one side only (e.g. spleen)
- The term ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body (e.g. the left hand and left foot are ipsilateral to one another)
- Contralateral refers to opposite side of the body (e.g. the left thumb is contralateral to the right big toe)
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•The _____ position of the body lying on the back. As on an operating table.
•
•The ______ position is lying face downward
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supine
prone
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True or False: several non-skeletal structures exhibit movement
True, (e.g. tongue, lips and eyelids)
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______ and _______ generally occur in sagittal plane
______ indicates straightening or increasing the angle between bones or body parts.
- •It usually takes place in a ______ direction
______ indicates bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.
- •It is usually an ______ movement, but it is occasionally posterior, as in the case of the knee joint
Flexion and Extension
Extension Posterior
Flexion Anterior
True or False: Flexion and extension of vertebral column at intervertebral (facet) joints
True
______ flexion is a movement of the trunk in the coronal plane
•Lateral
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______ – flexion at the ankle joint (e.g. walking uphill or lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground.
______– bends the foot and toes toward the ground (e.g. standing on your toes)
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantar flexion
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•Abduction and Adduction generally occur in a ______ plane.
coronal
_______ is a movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane
______ is a movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane
- Abduction
- Adduction
For the fingers, the 3rd finger or middle finger is the neutrally positioned finger.
For the toes, the 2nd toe is the neutrally positioned toe.
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What is flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the thumb?
Flexion and Extension – movement along the coronal plane (FEC-flex/ext-coronal plane)
Abduction and Adduction - movement along the sagittal plane (AAS)
______– movement by which the pad of the 1st finger (thumb) is brought to another digit – to pinch, button a shirt, lift a teacup
______– movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position
- OPPOSITION
- REPOSITION
______ is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially (internal)
•
______ is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing laterally (external)
- Medial rotation
- Lateral rotation
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______ of the forearm is a medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly
•
______ of the forearm is a lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly
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- Pronation
- Supination
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______ is the combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, abduction , extension, & adduction
•Circumduction
_______– movement anteriorly
_______– movement posteriorly
•
______ is to move forward
______is to move backward
- Protrusion
- Retrusion
- Protraction
- Retraction
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______ is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction
______ is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction
- Inversion
- Eversion
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______ – raises or moves a part superiorly
______ – lowers or moves a part inferiorly
Elevation
Depression
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TAKE HOME POINTS
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- Anatomical terms always refer back to the “anatomical position”
- Understand anatomical planes
- Understand relationships – including medial, lateral, superior, inferior, dorsal (posterior), ventral (anterior) proximal, distal, superficial, intermediate, deep etc.
- Understand terms of laterality
- Understand terms of movement – flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, pronation, supination, inversion, eversion, elevation, depression etc.
- Begin to understand the x ray appearance of structures
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