Embryology/Histology/Head and Neck Flashcards
1
Q
What things are derived from the endoderm?
A
Gut, respiratory tract, “tubular structure” (deep stuff)
2
Q
What are the 4 layers of the mesoderm
A
Paraxial
Intermediate
Head
Lateral Plate
3
Q
What is derived from paraxial mesoderm?
A
Somites (31 pairs)
4
Q
What is derived from Intermediate mesoderm?
A
Urogenital system and KIDNEYS
5
Q
What is derived from the “head” subgroup of the mesoderm?
A
Skull, muscles and CT of head, dentine
6
Q
What is derived from the lateral plate?
A
ADRENAL CORTEX, blood & lymph cells, CT, cardiovascular & lymphatics, SPLEEN, serious membranes of pleura and pericardium
7
Q
What is does the ectoderm involve in a general sense?
A
“Nerves and skin”
8
Q
What is derived from surface ectoderm?
A
Epidermis, ANTERIOR PITUITARY, LENS OF EYE, enamel, hair, nails
9
Q
What are the three parts of the ectoderm?
A
- Surface ectoderm
2. Neuroectoderm (contains neural tube and neural crest)
10
Q
What is derived from the neural tube part of the neuroectoderm?
A
POSTERIOR PITUITARY, RETINA, CNS, pineal body
11
Q
What is derived from the neural crest part of the neuroectoderm?
A
DRG, ANS, PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS OF THYROID, ADRENAL MEDULA, melanocytes
12
Q
What are the 3 general stages of embryological development?
A
Mesodermal -> chondrification -> ossification
13
Q
What is primary and secondary ossification?
A
Primary: before birth
Secondary: after birth
14
Q
What undergoes intramembranous/intramedullary ossification?
A
Clavicle & all flat bones of skull (e.g. parietal)
15
Q
What bones undergo endochondral ossification?
A
All other bones besides clavicle and flat bones of skull
16
Q
What bone undergoes both intramembranous and endochondral ossification?
A
Scapula
17
Q
What are the 4 structures noted in GI embryology?
A
Mouth
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
18
Q
What is the mouth considered in GI embryology terms?
A
Stomadeum
19
Q
What constitutes the forgut in GI embryology?
A
Oral cavity -> 1st 1/3 of duodenum
20
Q
What constitutes the midgut in GI embryology?
A
Remaining 2/3rd of duodenum to 1st 2/3 of transverse colon
21
Q
What constitutes the hindgut in GI embryology?
A
Last 1/3 of transverse colon -> anus
22
Q
Where does the vagus stop innervating in the gut?
A
Hindgut (last 1/3 of transverse colon to anus)
23
Q
What is the gubernaculum?
A
Embryonic version of suspensory structures in both genders
24
Q
What does the gubernaculum become in males?
A
The scrotal ligament AKA gubernacular testis (hangs nuts)
25
What does the gubernaculum become in females?
Suspensory ligament of ovary, ovarian ligament, round ligament
26
What does the thyroid arise from?
Foramen Cecum
27
What happens at 4-6 weeks in embryological development
Heart begins to beat
28
When is the end of the embryonic stage?
9 weeks
29
When do the testes descend?
25-28 weeks (7 months)
30
When does genital differentiation take place?
8-12 weeks
31
What movements constitute parasaggital motion?
Elbow flexion/extension, shoulder flexion/extension
32
What are the only TRUE saggital plane movements?
Flexion of head or hips
33
Rotation of limbs happens in what plane of motion?
Transverse/horizontal
34
What is the general purpose of simple squamous epithelium?
Air and fluid diffusion
35
At what location can simple squamous epithelium be found?
Alveoli, capillaries, blood & lymph vessels
36
What histological tissue has the thinnest cells, and serve best for diffusion?
Simple squamous
37
What is the general purpose of stratified squamous epithelium?
Areas of high friction
38
At what locations can stratified squamous epithelium be found?
Keratinized: Skin
Non-keratinized: Oral cavity, anal cavity, vagina, esophagus
39
What is the mnemonic for remembering the location of stratified squamous epithelium?
"If you're satisfied, you're stratified"
Skin = itch
anal/oral cavity, esophagus, vagina
40
What is the general purpose of simple cuboidal cells?
Secretion
41
At what locations can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
Kidney tubules, glands & digestive tract, choroid plexus
42
What kind of epithelium represents CSF production, follicular & parafollicular cells of thyroid?
Simple cuboidal
43
What is the general purpose of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Secretory
44
At what location can stratified cuboidal be found?
Sweat glands (think: "what deals with secretion that needs more layers")
45
What is the general purpose of transitional epithelium?
Stretch - bladder
46
At what location can transitional epithelium be found?
Urinary bladder, ureters, kidneys
47
What kind of epithelium especially allows for expansion?
Transitional
48
What is the general purpose of simple columnar epithelium?
Absorption
49
At what locations can simple columnar epithelium be found?
Stomach, small and large intestine, glands
50
What is the hallmark characteristic simple columnar epithelium function?
Easy absorption
51
What is the general purpose of stratified columnar epithelium?
Reproductive tract
52
Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found?
Uterus (not vagina)
53
What is the general purpose of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
Respiratory tract
54
Where can pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium be found?
Entire pulmonary tract: nasal mucosa -> terminal bronchiole.
55
Where in the respiratory tract will pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium NOT be found?
Alveoli (simple squamous)
56
What are lung macrophages called?
Dust cells
57
What are liver macrophages called?
Kupffer cells
58
What are brain macrophages called?
Microglia
59
What are skin macrophages called?
Langerhan cells (kills bacteria/foreign bodies on skin)
60
What tissues are categorized as dense regular?
tendons and ligaments (things going in same direction)
61
What tissues are categorized as dense irregular?
Dermis of skin
62
What tissue are categorized as elastic?
Blood vessels
63
What tissues are categorized as reticular?
Lymph nodes & spleen
64
What is the classification of reticular collagen fibers?
Type III collagen
65
What is the mnemonic for the layers of the epidermis?
```
Cows: Striatum Corneum
Like: Striatum Lucidum
Green: Striatum Granulosum
Soft: Striatum Spinosum
Grass: Srtiatum Germinativum
```
66
Where is the striatum lucidum found?
Only on soles/feet & palms/hands (only found in thickened areas)
67
What is the top layer of the epidermis?
Striatum Corneum
68
What is the basal layer of the epidermis?
Striatum Germinativum
69
At what layer of the epidermis are melanocytes found?
Stratum basale (striatum germinativum)
70
What is the organization of the dermis from superficial to deep?
Paillary dermis
Reticular dermis
Hypodermis AKA subcutaneous tissue/fascia
71
What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Hyoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, palatoglossus
72
What does the palatoglossus muscle do, and what cranial nerve controls it?
Elevates the tongue (CN X via pharyngeal plexus)
73
What does the styloglossus muscle do, and what is it's innervation?
Elevates and retracts tongue, CN XII
74
What does the hyoglossus muscle do, and what is it's innervation?
Depresses and retracts tongue, CN XII
75
What does the genioglossus muscle do and what is its innervation?
Depresses and protrudes tongue, CN XII
76
What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
Fold tongue, aids in phonation, etc
77
What cranial nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
CN XII
78
What are the 4 intrinsic tongue muscles?
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse muscle
Vertical muscle
79
What taste buds are the largest and fewest?
Cicumvallate
80
Are the circumvallate taste buds anterior or posterior to the sulcus terminalis?
Anterior
81
Which taste buds are smallest but most numberous?
Filiform
82
Which taste buds are located on the sides o the tongue?
Foliate
83
Where is each taste sensation (sweet, salty, sour, bitter) located on the tongue?
Sweet: anterior
Salty: anterolateral
Sour: posterolateral
Posterior: Bitter
84
What are the rings of waldeyer?
The palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal tonsils
85
What are the adenoids and where are they located?
Pharyngeal tonsils (located in nasopharynx)
86
What could happen is the adenoids swell?
They can block the eustachian tube
87
What is the torus tubarius?
The nasopharynx opening of the auditory tube
88
What is the origin and insertion of the Temporalis muscle?
Origin: Temporal bone
Insertion: Coronoid of mandible
89
What does the temporalis muscle do?
Closes jaw, posterior fibers retract the jaw
90
What is the origin and insertion of the masseter?
Origin: Zygomatic
Insertion: External angle of jaw
91
What is the action of the masseter?
Primary closer of the jaw
92
What is the origin of the internal/medial pterygoid muscle?
Origin: Medial pterygoid process
Insertion: Internal angle of jaw
93
What is the action of the medial pterygoid?
Close jaw, lateral deviation
94
What is the origin and insertion of the external/lateral pterygoid muscle?
Origin: Lateral pterygoid process
Insertion: Disc of TMJ & condyle of mandible
95
What is the action of the external/lateral pterygoid muscle?
Opens/depresses jaw, lateral deviation, protrudes jaw
96
How many triangles are there in the anterior portion of the neck and where is their general location by group?
4, 2 above, 2 below
97
What is are the general borders for the anterior compartment of neck triangles?
SCM (ant border)
Midline of neck
Inferior border of the mandible
98
What three major non muscular structures are located in the anterior compartment of the neck?
Salivary glands
Thyroid
Larynx
99
What are the 4 triangles of the anterior compartment?
Carotid
Submandibular (aka digastric)
Muscular (aka inferior carotid)
Suprahyoid (aka submental)
100
What are the borders of the Carotid triangle?
SCM (ant), posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid
101
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
Carotid arteries
Internal jugular V.
Vagus nerve
102
What are the borders of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?
Inferior border of mandible, both bellies of the digastric
103
What are the contents of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?
Salivary glands
Hypoglossal N
Mylohyoid N.
104
What are the borders of the Muscular (inferior carotid) triangle?
SCM
Omohyoid (superior belly)
Midline of neck
105
What are the contents of the muscular (inferior carotid) triangle?
Larynx
Trachea
Thyroid
106
What are the borders of the surprahyoid (submental) triangle?
Digastric (anterior)
| Hyoid bone
107
What are the contents of the suprahyoid (submental) triangle?
Muscles/floor of mouth,
| Salivary glands & ducts
108
What are the borders of the Posterior compartment of neck triangles?
SCM (lateral border)
Traps (post. border)
Middle 1/3rd of clavicle
109
What are the contents of the posterior triangles?
Nerves
| Vessels
110
What triangles make up the posterior compartment and what are they?
2;
Occipital
Subclavian (aka supraclavicular aka omoclavicular)
111
What are the borders of the occipital triangle ?
SCM
Traps
Omohyoid (inferior belly)
112
What are the contents of the occipital triangle?
Cervical plexus
| Accessory nerve
113
What are the borders of the subclavian (supraclavicular, omoclavicular) triangle?
SCM
Omohyoid (inf. belly)
Clavicle
114
What are the contents of the subclavian (supraclavicular, omoclavicular) triangle?
```
Brachial plexus
Subclavian A.
Transverse cervical A.
Suprascapular A.
Terminal part of external jugular V.
```
115
What are the borders of the suboccipital triangle?
```
RCP Major (medial border)
Superior oblique (lat border)
Inferior oblique (inf. border)
```
116
What are the contents of the suboccipital triangle?
Suboccipital nerve = dorsal rami of C1
| Vertebral A.
117
How many laryngeal cartilagenous structures are there?
6;
3 single
3 paired
118
What are the 3 'single' laryngeal cartilages?
Cricoid
Epiglottis (unpaired)
Thyroid
119
What are the 3 'paired' laryngeal cartilages?
Arytenoids
Corniculates
Cuneiforms
120
At what cervical level is the cricoid cartilage found and why is it an important landmark?
C6,
Trachea begins at cricoid inferior border
121
At what cervical levels is the thyroid cartilage found?
C4-C5
122
What muscles attach at the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage?
Inferior contrictor of pharynx
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
123
What structure is responsible for voice production?
The glottis (vocal 'folds' aka vocal cords)
124
What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoids and what effect do they have on vocal production?
Abduction,
Relaxes voice
125
What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoids and what effect do they have on vocal production?
Adduction,
Phonation (whispering when working by themselves)
126
What is the function of the thyroarytenoids and what effect do they have on vocal production?
Relax, shorten
Deep, bass voice
127
What is the function of the cricothyroid and what effect do they have on vocal production?
Tense, lengthen
High pitched voice, tenor
