embryology clinical anatomy Flashcards
whats a haploid cell?
has only 1 set of chromosomes
what are males gametes?
spermatozoa
what are females gametes?
oocyte (ovum)
where are gametes produced?
in gonads - male = testes, female = ovaries
where is pelvic cavity?
lies within bony pelvis between pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet, continuous with abdominal cavity
what is the pelvic floor?
internal wall of skeletal muscle that separates pelvic cavity and perineum - it’s under voluntary control so can contract at will (distal alimentary, reproductive&renal tracts can pass through)
what is the pelvic roof?
formed by parietal peritoneum, made of peritoneum which is thin, transparent, serous membrane which hold internal lining
what is parietal peritineum?
lining of abdominal cavity, firmly attached to walls and drapes over pelvic viscera (organs)
what does serous membrane do?
secretes fluid called peritineous which allows movement without friction within the cavity
what is the vesico-uterine pouch?
pouch between bladder and uterus
what is pouch of douglas/recto-uterine pouch and why is it important?
pouch between rectum and uterus and in upright female patient it’s the lowest point of cavity so if any excess fluid like blood or puss then it collects in the pouch and you can reach pouch to remove excess through posterior wall of vagina
what are the 3 layers of the body of the uterus?
- perimetrium (outside)
- myometrium (middle)
- endometrium (inner)
what happens to myometrium in pregnancy and periods?
it stretched during pregnancy and contracts in labour&menstrual cramping
what happens to endometrium in pregnancy and period?
in fertilisation it thickens and it sheds in menstruation
what is the position of uterus?
anteverted and anteflexed
what does anteverted mean (when talking about position of uterus)?
cervix tipped anteriorly relative to axis of vagina
what does anteflexed mean (when talking about position of uterus) ?
uterus tipped anteriorly relative to axis of cervix
where do ovaries and testes originally develop?
on posterior abdominal wall by kidneys - so blood supply etc also originates from there
what are ovaries?
almond sized and shaped structures that secrete oestrogen and progesterone in response to pituitary hormones, located laterally in pelvic cavity
what arteries supply what in female reproductive system?
ovarian artery from posterior abdominal wall supplies ovary
uterine artery from common illiac artery supplies uterus
(there are anastomoses between the 2 arteries)
describe the “egg release” part of fertilisation
- ova develops in ovaries
- 1 ovum released per menstrual cycle from surface of ovary to peritoneal cavity
- ovum gathered by fimbriae into indundibulum of uterine tube
how is unfertilised ovum expelled in menstraution?
by contractions of myometrium
what is tubal ligation sterilisation technique?
when both uterine tubes cut, clipped or cauterised which blocks the lumen
describe testes development
formed on posterior wall of abdominal cavity, by birth they’ve descended into scrotum through anterior abdominal wall by inguinal canal (tunnel)
where is sperm produced?
in seminiferous tubules
what is ideal sperm temperature?
1 degrees below body temp
what muscle helps control sperm temp?
dartos muscle
what is journey of sperm production to ejaculation?
-sperm produced in seminiferous tubules
-pass to rete testis
-then moves to head of epididymis
-epididymis becomes vas deferens
- (within the pelvis) vas deferens (R&L) pass to seminal glands (R&L)
-then pass to ejaculatory duct (R&L)
-then prostatic urethra to prostate gland (ejaculatoryducts join together in prostate gland)
-then to spongy urethra then bulb of penis
what does spermatic cord contain?
- vas deferens
- testicular artery
- pampiniform plexus of veins (intertwining of veins that drain to testis)
what does seminal glands do?
right = produces seminal fluid
left = a vesicle
what does urethra do in males?
drains urine from bladder & passes semen in ejaculation
what are the accessory reproductive organs for males?
-vas deferens
-seminal glands
-prostate gland
-penis
what are the male reproductive organs?
testes
where does spermatic cord go to reach pelvic cavity?
-spermatic cord passes through anterior abdominal wall within inguinal canal to reach pelvic cavity
where is prostate gland?
immediately inferior to bladder
what are some processes that occur in zygote to human?
- cell division
- differentiation
- cell attachement (forming of tisssues)
-apoptosis - induction (telling cells what to do)
- cell migration
