bones Flashcards
what is endochondral ossification?
process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows & turns into bone (ossifies)
what are examples of long bones?
humerus & femur
what is section of bones?
epiphysis then epiphyseal growth plate then metaphysis at each end
diaphysis = middle shaft
when does bone growth cease?
when growth plate of hyaline cartilage finally ossifies
what is direction of bone growth?
epiphyseal growth plate grows in both direction - up to make epiphysis and down to make metaphysis & diaphysis
epiphyseal growth plate at each end so the ones growing join to make diaphysis
what is outer cortex?
dense, strong, heavy outer layer of bone
= made of compact (cortical) bone
what inner medulla?
inside bit of bone made of spongy (also called trabecullar/cancellous) bone
=porous, weaker, lighter (looks like inside of aero bar)
- the medulla may contain bone marrow (site of blood cell production)
what bonees are bone marrow be found in?
-hip bone
- breast bone
- ribs
-vertebrae
- in cancellous bone at proximal ends of long bones
what is periosteum?
sleeve around bone, covers all apart from articular cartilage
- it’s well vascularised and innervated so if torn a lot of pain is due to periosteum being torn
how does bone get blood supply?
- vessels in periosteum supply outer layer of bone
- nutrient arteries & veins supply deeper spongy bone
- haversian canals
where is hyaline cartilage in bone?
covering the epiphysis
what factors can cause features on the bone that develop during bone growth?
- functional (genetic) = best shape for job
- adjacent structure applies force to developing bone like tendon or muscle that attches to bone and every time muscle moves it pulls on bone making a groove
- adjacent structure is developing at same time as bone like a hole in the bone
what is the floor of cranial cavity divided into?
3 fossae:
anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa
how are fossa created?
fossa are the spaces inside the skull and they’re made by development of different parts of brain moulding the floor
what is the forminae?
forminae = singular foramen
- it’s the gap in middle of brain for cranial nerves & brains blood supply to pass through = called foramen magnum
How do fractures heal?
- at first a callus of new bone surrounds the fracture line
- the callus then remodels to assume a more normal shape
- it then heals to from more or less a normal shape but we can sometimes still feel the bump
what is the axial skeleton made up of?
bones of:
- skull
-neck (including cervical vertebrae & hyoid bone)
-trunk (chest, abdomen & back)
(central bones)
what is apendicular skeleton made of?
bones of:
- pectoral girdle
- upper limbs
- pelvic girdle
- lower limbs
(all the outside bits)
describe some of the bones of the head?
frontal bone (at front)
parietal bone - have L & R (sort of on top and over back a bit)
occipital bone (at back)
temporal bone (above and around ears at each side)
- sphenoid bone (small at front of side of head - makes bat looking shape from superior view)
- cribriform plate of ethmoid bone = small bone in middle of frontal bone from superior view
describe some bones of the facial skeleton?
- nasal bone (bone of nose - R&L)
- zygomatic bone - R&L (like the side of your cheek bone)
- mandible - R&L (chin and below mouth bone)
- maxilla - R&L (forms upper jaw)
what are the names of numbers of the spine vertebrae?
C1-7 = cervical
T1-12 = thoracic
L1-5 = lumbar
S1-5 = sacrum (5 segments)
4 coccygeal = 1coccyx at bottom
what is pattern of size of vertebrae as you move down the spine?
from cervical → thoracic get bigger but then smaller towards sacrum/coccyx as the weight is going to legs
what are the 2 types of curves in spine and what do they mean?
primary and secondary curvatures
primary = curve in shape like foetus (rounded back)
secondary = opposite way
- it’s normal to have both, 4 curves in adult (2 of each)
describe (thinking like a superior view) of structure of a vertebrae?
1 spinous process sticking out (the bit you feel on your back)
an inferior & superior articular process on each side of spinous process also sticking same direction
transverse processes sticking laterally - have ligament, muscle & rib articulations
vertebral arch = consists of 2 pedicles and 2 lamina (pedicle at side + lamina going toward spinous process)
vertebral foramen = transmits & protects spinal cord
vertebral body = weight bearing
where is intervertebral foramen and it’s function?
it’s formed between adjacent vertebrae (above & below)
- spinal nerves emerge through it
where is facet joint and what’s it’s function?
between articular processes (short bits pointing same way as spinous process) of 2 adjacent vertebrae
very good nerve supply - affected by arthritis
how does the appearance differ in cervical vertebrae? (key ones = 1,2,7)
C1 = called an atlas and doesn’t have body or spinous process
C2 = called an axis and has odontoid process (looks like spinous process but to do with movement of head) that projects superiorly from body
C7 = called vertebrae prominens and is the much bigger lump in neck due to bigger spinois process
*all 1-7 have foramen for passage of vertebral arteries
what are true ribs?
ribs 1-7 = their costal cartilage attaches directly to sternum
what are false ribs?
ribs 8-10 = attach to costal cartilage above which attach to sternum
what are floating ribs?
ribs 11 & 12 = don’t have nay attachment to sternum
why is rib 1 less likely to be fractured?
protected by clavicle
what is danger of fractured rib?
sharp end has potential to pierce & damage soft tissues & organs lying deep to it
what is pectoral grid made up of?
2 scapula & 2 clavicles
what is pelvic girdle made up of?
2 hip bones & sacrum
what is
a) upper limb
b) lower limb
made up of? (only 3 parts - not each bone)
a) arm then forearm then hand
b) thigh, leg, foot
what are the bones of upper limb?
1 long bone of arm = humerus
2 long bones of forearm = radius (on outside) and ulna
hand = carpal bones (wrist), metacarpals (hand) and phalanges (fingers)
what are the bones of lower limbs?
1 long bone of thigh = femur
2 long bones of leg = tibia & fibula (little fib)
foot = tarsal bones (midfoot), metarsals (forefoot), phalanges (toes)
what is function of bones?
- Support & protection of the body organs
- Calcium metabolism
- Red blood cell formation
- Attachment for skeletal muscles
what is function of cartilage?
located where mobility is required
at articulations (joints)
important as…
- Movement of the skeleton occurs at joints
- Skeletal muscles contract to move the bones, therefore without joints we couldn’t move
what is feeling difference between cartilage & bone?
bone is hard, connective tissue and cartilage is less rigid (more bendy & flexible)
