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Histology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 major prenatal periods

A
  1. 1st week
  2. embryonic period
  3. fetal period
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2
Q

what happens in the first week

A
  • fertilization
  • penetration sperm into ovum
  • zygote = fertilized egg
  • zygote divides quickly, 2->4->8->16 cells
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3
Q

what happens in the embryonic period

A
  • during the 2nd week up to the 8th week
  • cell differentiation that will eventually form organs and systems
  • stage where there is more congenital malformation
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4
Q

when is the fetal period

A
  • 3-9 months
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5
Q

when the adult body is being described as 2 tubes, what does it mean

A
  • larger, outer tube is the outside body wall
  • smaller, inner tube is the digestive tract
  • in between space has the heart, lungs, etc
  • at either end of the tub is the mouth and the anus
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6
Q

what are the 3 embryonic (germ) layers and what does each layer form

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
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7
Q

what does the ectoderm form

A
  • epithelium, skin, tooth enamel, nasal, nervous system, dentin, cementum, and pulp
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8
Q

what does the mesoderm form

A
  • skeletal, muscle, circulatory systems (blood, lymph, and vessels)
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9
Q

what does the endoderm form

A
  • stomach, intestines, lungs, etc
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10
Q

what is the primitive mouth

A
  • also called the stomodeum, becomes the oral and nasal cavities
  • begins developing in 3rd week
  • clefting or infold of ectoderm = stomodeum
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11
Q

what is the oropharyngeal membrane

A
  • also called the buccopharyngeal membrane
  • where the endo and ecto contact when ectoderm folds inwards = oropharyngeal membrane
  • future area of palatine tonsil
  • ruptures at week 4 -> creating opening between primitive mouth and primitive digestive tract
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12
Q

what is rathke’s pouch

A
  • forms before the rupture of oropharyngeal membrane
  • extension of posterior roof of stomodeum in front of oropharyngeal membrane
  • grows upwards and breaks off toward the developing brain
  • meets with down extension from brain
  • future pituitary gland (growth hormone) and connection with the stomodeum is soon lost
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13
Q

what is the frontal process

A
  • outgrowth above the stomodeum

- future forehead, upper part of face, nasal septum, anterior part of palate

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14
Q

what is the branchial arch

A
  • u-shaped bands tissue which produce cartilage, bone, nerves, muscles, glands and connective tissue of the face and neck
  • 5 branches in total: I, II, III, IV, V
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15
Q

which branchial arch will develop into the maxillary and mandibular processes

A
  • branchial arch I
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16
Q

all parts of the face and all parts for the oral and nasal cavities (except for the tongue) are formed by which 2 primary embryonic structures

A
  • frontal process

- 1st branchial arch

17
Q

what happens after the establishment of the stomodeum, frontal process and branchial arches

A
  • budding of round process occurs on either end of the first branchial arch, which will become the maxillary and mandibular processes
18
Q

how the round buds off the ends of the 1st branchial branches grow

A
  • inwards and upwards

- right and left meet to form maxillary processes

19
Q

what does the remaining band of the 1st branchial arch become

A
  • the right and left mandibular processes

- future lower lip, lower jaw and lower cheeks

20
Q

how is the nasal process established

A
  • 2 infolds on each side of the lower border of the frontal process
  • olfactory pits -> future nostrils
21
Q

what 3 parts do the olfactory pits divide into

A
  • median nasal process: future tip/center of nose, nasal septum, anterior part palate
  • right lateral nasal process: future right side of nose
  • left lateral nasal process: future left side of nose
22
Q

how does the philtrum and upper lip develop

A
  • median nasal process grows down -> becomes globular process -> philtrum
  • right and left maxillary process grows toward midline and becomes the sides of upper lips
  • fusion of right and left maxillary process within the globular process
  • complete fusion should be within the 6th week
23
Q

what 3 tissues form the palate and when does this occur

A
  • end of the 2nd month
  • forms from the left and right maxillary processes and the globular process
  • ingrowth of these 3 tissues into the stomodeum: right and left palatine process -> most of the palate (sides), and the globular process (intermaxillary segment of the premaxilla will form the anterior part of the palate
  • all 3 structures fuse in the roof of the mouth in a Y-shape pattern starting in the anterior region
24
Q

when and how is the nasal septum established

A
  • as the palate is forming (end of the 2nd month)
  • nasal septum forms from median nasal process
  • grows back and downwards
  • fuses with right and left palatine processes in the center of the hard palate
25
Q

when is the fusion of the soft tissue and the roof of the mouth complete

A
  • at the end of the 3rd month (does not include the bony tissue)
26
Q

what forms the tongue

A
  • the first 4 branchial arches
  • anterior: 1st arch
  • poster: 2nd, 3rd and 4th arches
27
Q

what type of abnormalities can occur from improper fusion

A
  • cleft lip
  • cleft palate
  • median cleft of the lower jaw
  • oblique facial cleft
  • macrostomia
  • cysts
28
Q

what is a critical period for the cleft lip

A
  • 6th to 8th week
  • 6th week: fusion of the upper lip begins
  • 8th week: fusion of the upper lip is completed
  • failure of one or both maxillary processes to fuse with the globular process will result in either a unilateral or bilateral cleft lip
  • this appears as absence of the center and adjacent lip
29
Q

when does the palate fuse

A
  • between 8 to 12 weeks
  • 8th week: fusion of the palate begins
  • 12th week: fusion of the soft tissues palate completed
  • zipper like fusion premaxilla to lateral palatine processes (left and right) - anterior and posterior
30
Q

what is a mild cleft palate

A
  • cleft uvula, maybe some soft palate split
31
Q

what is a moderate cleft palate

A
  • cleft of the soft and hard palate but not to the alveolar ridge
32
Q

what is a severe cleft palate

A
  • soft, hard and alveolar ridge are involved
33
Q

what is a unilateral cleft of the palate

A
  • lack of fusion with one palatal process with the nasal septum = opening into the nasal cavity
34
Q

what is a bilateral cleft of the palate

A
  • no fusion on either side of the nasal septum = opening on both sides of the septum into the nasal cavity
35
Q

cleft lip and palate complications

A
  • difficulty nursing and feeding
  • speech development
  • appearance
  • oronasal infections

Histology (15 decks)

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