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Histology > Basic tissues > Flashcards

Basic tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what tissues does oral histology include

A
  • the lining of the mouth
  • the tissues of the tongue
  • the periodontium
  • the tooth
  • the salivary glands
  • also includes the study of the process of facial and tooth development (embryology)
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2
Q

the practice of dentistry and dental hygiene is based on knowledge of:

A
  • structure
  • arrangement
  • reactions
    of all oral tissues
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3
Q

why is it important that we know the basics of how cells are gathered in tissues

A
  • to understand how oral tissues react to prevent or produce disease
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4
Q

how can we understand diseases caused by oral biofilm

A
  • study of tissue structure
  • study of tissue reaction
  • study of tissue repair (from removal of calculus)
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5
Q

what is histology

A
  • the science and study of tissues

- from a cellular to tissue level

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6
Q

what is a tissue

A
  • a group of similar cells surrounded by intercellular (between cells) substance (IS)and tissue fluid
  • a group of cells combined in a specialized manner to perform a particular function
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7
Q

types of tissues:

  • hard
  • sturdy/elastic
  • delicate
  • secretory
  • nutritive
A
  • hard: bone
  • sturdy/elastic: skin
  • delicate: lining
  • secretory: salivary glands
  • nutritive: blood
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8
Q

how do we study tissues

A
  • microscopically using stains
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9
Q

how do we prepare microscopic slides

A
  • small piece of tissue removed from body
  • fixative placed (preservation) and sent to lab
  • specimen dehydrated in alcohol
  • placed into melted paraffin wax
  • paraffin block thinly sliced with a microtome
  • arranged on slides
  • wax removed with xylene
  • stained
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10
Q

components of a tissue

A
  1. cells
  2. intercellular substances (IS)
  3. tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) (IF)
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11
Q

structure of cells

A
  • rbc: no nucleus
  • wbc: one or several nuclei
  • muscle cells: contract
  • fat: displaced nucleus (pushed against cell walls)
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12
Q

what is intercellular substance

A
  • in between cells; colourless and transparent
  • is a product of cells, holds them together
  • provides medium for passing nutrients and removing wastes to and from capillaries
  • serves as a physical barrier to prevent the penetration of foreign substances into tissue
  • IS occurs in 2 main forms: fibrous; amorphous - shapeless, gel-like known as ground substance (serves as the barrier mentioned above)
  • differs in different tissues: bone - mostly IS, little cells; skin - mostly cells, limited IS (dryer)
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13
Q

tissue fluid

A

= interstitial fluid

  • very similar to blood plasma
  • part of blood which can diffuse through walls of capillaries and then drains back into blood through osmosis
  • in tissues, nutrients are carried out through capillary walls to surrounding IS and then to the cells; waste products of the cells are returned from IS to the capillaries
  • different tissues have different amounts of TF
  • blood vs skin
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14
Q

4 types of primary tissues

A
  • epithelial tissue
  • connective tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • nerve tissue
    divided based on shape, type and amount of; cells, intercellular substance, tissue fluid
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15
Q

epithelial tissue groups and subgroups

A

surface cells of covering and lining membranes
A - simple: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
B - pseudostratified columnar
C - stratified: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

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16
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • very little or no IS or IF, many cells
  • avascular (has no blood supply of its own) -> O2/nutrients obtained by diffusion from highly vascularized underlying CT
17
Q

what is a basement membrane

A
  • composed of 2 layers - made up of fibers and ground substance
  • basal lamina: secreted by ep. cells and is mostly ground substance
18
Q

what does epithelial tissue give rise to

A
  • liver, pancreas as well as salivary glands, thyroid gland and
  • enamel organ: produces enamel of developing teeth
19
Q

2 major groups of epithelial tissue

A
  1. covering and lining epithelium: covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, hollow organs and vessels
  2. glandular tissue: forms glands
20
Q

what is glandular tissue (2nd type of glands)

A
  • specialized epithelial cells secrete substances mucus, hormones
  • 2 major types glands: exocrine glands (duct glands, secretions lead to external surfaces of body), endocrine glands (ductless glands, secretions, such as hormones, enter the blood)
21
Q

3rd type of glands

A

exocrine and endocrine glands

  • pancreas: endocrine function: secretes insulin and glucagon; exocrine: excretes enzymes to break down proteins
  • liver: endocrine function: secretes IGF-1 (has insulin like effects and stimulates growth in the body); exocrine: secretes bile into intestine
  • sex glands
22
Q

3 epithelial groups

A
  1. covering and lining epithelium
  2. glandular tissue
  3. mixed endocrine and exocrine
23
Q

connective tissue

A
  1. fibrous connective tissue
  2. areolar connective tissue
  3. adipose (fat) tissue
  4. hemopoietic (blood) tissue
  5. cartilage
  6. bone
  7. mesenchyme (gives rise to connective tissue)
24
Q

fibrous regular connective tissues

A
  • arranged in parallel bundles
25
Q

fibrous irregular connective tissues

A
  • not parallel bundles
26
Q

what is the dermis made up of

A
  • mostly fibres, less rigid than the dense regular
27
Q

what was the fibres of fibrous connective tissues produced by

A
  • cells called fibroblasts: predominant cells in fibrous connective tissue
28
Q

areolar connective tissue

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • attaches skin to muscles; organs to body membranes
  • subcutaneous layer
  • think of when you remove skin from meat and there’s little strings between the skin and the muscle – that’s areolar tissue
29
Q

adipose (fat) tissue

A
  • store fat: displace nucleus and cytoplasm

- located in soft tissue and yellow bone marrow

30
Q

hemopoietic (hemo=blood; poietic=to make)

A
  • tissues that produce blood cells (rbc and wbc) to remove worn out blood cells from the bloodstream
  • occurs as rbm and lymphatic tissue (tonsils, nodes where cells differentiate into wbc)
31
Q

cartilage

A
  • cells are called chondrocytes
  • most skeletal fetus first made of cartilage which resorbs as bone tissue - replaces it
  • in adults it comprises parts of the nose, trachea, larynx, ear
32
Q

bone

A
  • is mineralized connective tissue

- cells are called osteocytes

33
Q

mesenchyme

A
  • embryonic or young connective tissue
  • undifferentiated cells that will form connective tissue of the body and blood
  • tissue that has not been differentiated
34
Q

nerve tissue

A
  • forms nervous system
  • nerve cells are called neurons
  • highly specialized cell = react to stimuli (excitable) and conduct nerve impulses
35
Q

2 main divisions

A
  • CNS: brain and spinal cord

- PNS: nerves leaving CNS, nerves associated with other organs

36
Q

muscle tissue

A
  • muscle cells are much longer than wide -> each muscle cell is called a muscle fibre
37
Q

3 divisions of muscle tissue

A

based on appearance and muscle control

  1. non-striated (smooth) involuntary
  2. striated voluntary
  3. striated involuntary
38
Q

what do the tissues of the oral cavity originate from (basic tissues)

A
  • epithelial tissue: gives rise to mucous membranes and salivary glands
  • connective tissue: gives rise to jaw bone, fibres of periodontal ligament
  • muscle tissue: give rise to muscles attached to mandible and form tongue
  • nervous tissue: give rise to nerves that supply oral cavity
39
Q

what are the tissues of the tooth

A
  • anatomical crown: covered by enamel (epithelial cells)
  • anatomical root: covered by cementum (CT cells)
  • cervix: neck of the tooth b/w root and crown
  • dentin: bulk of tooth in crown and root (CT)
  • pulp: in crown and root (CT)
  • in crown - pulp chamber
  • in root - pulp canals

Histology (15 decks)

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