Embryology

Question 1

individuals with turner syndrome have inteluctual disabillity

True or false

Answer 1

FALSE

Question 2

The most common site of an ectopic pregnancy is…

Answer 2

Ampulla

Question 3

Which process allows our body germ cells to divide in a way that introduces changes and variation into the DNA of the resulting daughter cells?

Answer 3

Meiosis

Question 4

Once active, spermatogonia divide mitotically to create what type of cell?

Answer 4

Primary spermatocytes

Question 5

Genetically, if the embryo is male (XY), the Y chromosome will transcribe which gene to create the testis-determining factor?

Answer 5

The SRY gene

Question 6

what phase of meiosis do XX germ cells arrest during early development?

Answer 6

Prophase

Question 7

What is epispadia?

Answer 7

It results from failure of the anterior body wall to close fully, resulting in the urethra opening onto the dorsal surface of the penis.

Question 8

What is placenta previa?

Answer 8

Placenta previa occurs if blastocyst implants and the placenta is in lower third of uterus, rather than posterior body

Question 10

Starting with an indifferent gonad, how does the human body create two separate sets of reproductive organs?

Answer 10

A single gene on the Y chromosome, resulting in the expression of the testis-determining factor, sets off a cascade of events leading to differentiation to either male or female.

Question 11

What are the most commons tryssomies?

Answer 11

21 - Down’s syndrome

18- Edward’s syndrome

13- Patau’s syndrome

Question 12

A set of twins are born, one is large with congestive heart failure, the other is smaller and anemic. Which term best describes the process that resulted in these pathologies?

Answer 12

Twin transfusion syndrome

Question 13

Starting from a primary oocyte, what is produced at the end of the first phase of meiosis in oogenesis?

Answer 13

One polar body and a one secondary oocyte

Question 14

What is the primary risk in stem cell transplantation at this time?

Answer 14

Immune rejection

Question 15

What best describes Potter sequence? (6)

Answer 15

Oligohydramnios leading to :

poor lung development

facial flattening

widely-spaced eyes

low-set ears

hip dislocation

clubbed feet and limb malformations

Question 16

What describes the difference between the Sertoli and the Leydig cells?

Answer 16

Sertoli cells will associate with and help the spermatozoa mature whereas Leydig cells will produce testosterone.

Question 17

What is the most common characteristic of monozygotic twins?

Answer 17

Monochorionic and diamniotic, forming at the blastocyst stage

Question 18

During a twinning event in the bilaminar embryo stage, which of the following leads to conjoined twins?

Answer 18

The bilaminar streak does not fully split and the primitive streak remains attached in one or more regions.

Question 19

If the umbilical cord exits in the rim of the placenta, what is it called?

Answer 19

Marginal placenta

Question 20

If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum dwindles to become corpus albicans, and directly leads to a drop in which hormone?

Answer 20

Progesterone

Question 21

High levels of estrogen lead to which of the following developmental aberrance?

Answer 21

The regression of mesonephric ducts

Question 22

After the surge in luteinizing hormone, the secondary oocyte initiates the second phase of meiosis but arrests in which phase?

Answer 22

Metaphase

Question 23

If a developing XY child has mutations affecting the production of DHT, what would be expected?

Answer 23

Development in a feminine manner until puberty when testosterone spike promotes masculine secondary sexual characteristics

Question 24

The bilaminar embryonic phase is reached when the embryoblast splits into which two structures?

Answer 24

Hypoblast and epiblast

Question 25

Within the blastocyst, there is an inner cell mass and an outer cell mass; how do these two differ?

Answer 25

The inner cell mass will create embryonic structures, and the outer cell will become the placenta and other supporting structures.

Question 26

Testosterone is necessary for maturation of spermatids to spermatozoa. Which cells are essential for the concentration of testosterone?

Answer 26

Sertoli cells

Question 27

What is hypospadia?

Answer 27

It results from failure of the urethral folds to close appropriately resulting in a urethral opening along the ventral aspect of the penis.

Question 28

the effect of aromatase…

Answer 28

Aromatase converts testosterone to estrogen.

Question 29

Which chromosomal abnormality is most likely in a patient with immune system problems, flattened facial features, ‘Simian crease’ on the palm, and epicanthal folds of the eyes?

Answer 29

Trisomy 21

Question 30

How does hemolytic disease of the fetus change with subsequent pregnancies?

Answer 30

The response becomes more severe but can be controlled with Rh immunoglobulin

Question 31

Most fertilization takes place in what region of the uterine tube?

Answer 31

Ampulla

Question 32

What is the most common effect of amniotic bands?

Answer 32

Amniotic bands can encircle developing fetus and cut off blood supply, commonly affecting extremities and digits.

Question 33

Increased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) result in the release of estrogens by which cell type?

Answer 33

Granulosa cells

Question 34

What can be the causes of polyhydramnios?

Answer 34

intestinal atresia

central nervous system problems that do not allow swallowing

Question 35

The genital ridge is a structure that will give rise to which of the following?

Answer 35

The supporting tissue of the ovaries or testes

Question 36

What circumstance leads an Rh- mother’s immune system to mount a response against Rh+ fetal blood?

Answer 36

Rh+ fetal blood expressing D antigen entering the maternal circulation causing the Rh- mother to release IgG antibodies and attack the fetal red blood cells

Question 37

How the trophoblast facilitates gas and metabolic exchange between the mother and the developing embryo?

Answer 37

The trophoblast grows into the uterus, creating a surface for gas and metabolic exchange while keeping the embryo and the mother’s blood supplies separate.