Embryology Flashcards
What gene is involved in cardiomyocyte proliferation?
Neuregulin
What gene is involved in aortic arch differentiation?
HOX
What forms the valves of the heart?
Extracellular matrix from cardiomyocytes
Ductus Venosus
Shunts oxygenated blood away from the liver and to the heart
Ductus Arteriosus
Shunts blood from pulmonary artery to the aorta and away from the lungs
Foramen ovale
Connects right to left atrium to bypass the pulmonary circuit
Ventriculo-septal defect: cyanotic or acyanotic?
Acyanotic
Atrial-septal defect: cyanotic or acyanotic?
Acyanotic
PDA: cyanotic or acyanotic?
Acyanotic
Pulmonary stenosis: cyanotic or acyanotic?
Acyanotic
Aortic stenosis: cyanotic or acyanotic?
Acyanotic
Coarction of aorta: cyanotic or acyanotic?
Acyanotic
Tetralogy of Fallot: cyanotic or acyanotic?
Cyanotic
Transposition of Great Arteries: cyanotic or acyanotic?
Cyanotic
Complete atrio-ventricular septal defect: cyanotic or acyanotic?
Cyanotic
Example of atrial septal defect?
Failed closure of foramen ovale
Name the aspects of Tetralogy of Fallot
Narrow pulmonary trunk
Ventriculo-septal defect
Pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic access to both ventricles - leads to right ventricle hypertrophy
Explain the development of the aortic arch region
Cranial endocardial tubes - truncus arteriosus - aortic arch - aorta and common carotid
What three circulatory changes happen within a week of birth?
- Ductus arteriosus closure
- Umbilical vessel closure and degradation
- Foramen ovale closes
Hand 1
Cardiac looping L side
Hand 2
Cardiac looping R side
FGF8
Differentiation of mesoderm to cardiac mesoderm
Intussusception of right atrium
sinus venosus (cardinal, umbilical, and vitelline veins)
Intussusception of left atrium
Four pulmonary veins
Somatic mesoderm becomes
Skin
Splanchnic mesoderm becomes
Gut
Mesodermal coelom becomes
Pericardial sac
Cannonical WNTs
Hold cells of secondary heart field undifferentiated
Non-cannonical WNTs
Stimulate differentiation of secondary heart field into outflow tract
From adjacent pharynx
Development of spiral septum controlled by
Neural crest cells from hindbrain
R Aortic Arch I
Maxillary artery
L Aortic Arch I
Maxillary artery
R Aortic Arch II
Hyoid artery Stapedial artery (disappears)
L Aortic Arch I
Hyoid artery Stapedial artery (disappears)
R Aortic Arch III
Proximal - common carotid
Distal - internal carotid
L Aortic Arch III
Proximal - common carotid
Distal - internal carotid
L Aortic Arch IV
Medial aortic arch
R Aortic Arch IV
R subclavian
L Aortic Arch VI
L pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus
R Aortic Arch VI
R pulmonary artery
R Dorsal aorta
Internal carotid and central right subclavian - both disappear
L Dorsal aorta
Internal carotid (disappears) and descending aorta
R Ventral aorta
External carotid
Common Carotid
Brachiocephalic
L Ventral aorta
External carotid
Common Carotid
Ascending aorta
Anterior cardinal vein drains
Head body wall
Posterior cardinal vein drains
All body wall except head
