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Body logistics > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Overall 3 stages of human development before birth 🤰🏽

+ weeks of each stage

A

1 - Pre-embryonic (1-2)
2- Embryonic (2-8)
3- Fetal (>8)

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2
Q

3 events during the pre-embryonic period

A

1 - Cleavage
2 - Compaction
3- Beginning of implantation

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3
Q

Where is the oocyte fertilised?

A

Ampulla

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4
Q

Function of Zona Pellucida

A

Prevent polyspermy 🙅🏽‍♀️

Glycoprotein shell

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5
Q

Describe cleavage

A

The first cell division

Results in 2 blastomere of equal size 🟡🟡

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6
Q

Describe the morula

A

A ball of 16 TOTIPOTENT cells

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7
Q

Define totipotent

A

The ability of the cell to become ANY cell type

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8
Q

Clinical use of morula prior to implantation during IVF

A

PGD (Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis) 🩺

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9
Q

Define pluripotent

A

The capacity of a single cell to become MANY cells

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10
Q

When does cleavage occur?

A

30 minutes after fertilisation

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11
Q

Time period when ‘compaction’ occurs

A

Week 1

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12
Q

Describe compaction

A

1) Formation of the blastocyst cavity

2) Differentiation of cells to:
- inner cell mass (embryoblast)
- Outer cell mass (trophoblast)

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13
Q

When can the blastocyst interact with the uterine surface

A

After hatching from the zona pellucida

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14
Q

Describe the Week 2 of the pre-embryonic stage

A

1) Differentiation of
- inner cell mass
- outer cell mass

2) Implantation is completed
3) Utero-placental blood supply is established

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15
Q

What does the outer cell mass differentiate into

A
  • Cytotrophoblast

AND

  • Syncytiotrophoblast
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16
Q

What does the inner cell mass differentiate to?

A
  • Epiblast

AND

  • Hypoblast
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17
Q

Describe bilaminar disc

A
  • Made of the epiblast and hypoblast

- Separates the amniotic cavity and blastocyst cavity

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18
Q

2 distinct features of the syncytiotrophoblast

A
  • Multinucleated

- No clear cell boundaries

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19
Q

Pre-embryonic structure that develops to the umbilical cord

A

The Connecting stalk

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20
Q

What pole is the yolk sac formed 🍳

A

Abrembrionic pole

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21
Q

What pushes the yolk sac from the cytotrophoblast

A

The Extraembryonic Mesoderm

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22
Q

Describe how uteroplacental circulation is established

A
  • Syncytiotrophoblast embeds embryo maternal uterine
  • Syncytiotrophoblast invades the endothelium of maternal sinusoids
  • Maternal sinusoids become continuous with syncytial lacunae
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23
Q

Why can ‘spotting’ cause inaccuracy in determining expected delivery date

A

⬆️ bleeding due to blood flowing from sinusoids to lacunae

Can be confused as normal menstrual bleeding

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24
Q

What merges to form the chorionic cavity 🤔

A

The spaces in the extraembryonic mesoderm

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25
Q

Describe an ectopic pregnancy

A

Implantation of embryo at any other site than the uterine body

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26
Q

Describe placenta praevia

+ major complication & treatment

A

Implantation in the lower uterine segment

Can cause haemorrhage in pregnancy

C-section

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27
Q

What are the 3 titles given to the ‘conceptus’ in order of formation

A

Zygote ➡️ Morulla ➡️ Blastocyst

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28
Q

Which developmental stage is the most sesnsitive to teratotogenesis

(And why)

A

Fetal stage because the organ systems are developing at this stage

The CNS is susceptible to teratogenesis in the fetal stage as well because it continues to develop

29
Q

Outline the 4 processes occurring during the embryonic stage

A

1 - Gastrulation
2 - Neurulation
3 - Segmentation
4 - Folding

30
Q

What is gastrulation

A

The process that establishes the 3 germ layers

Bilaminar to Trilaminar

31
Q

What are the 3️⃣ germ layers derived from gastrulation

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
32
Q

What structures are formed at the beginning of gastrulation

A
  • Primitive streak

- Primitive node

33
Q

What is a potential explanation for the formation of conjoined twins

A

The formation of 2 primitive streak

34
Q

What causes the formation of the endoderm and mesoderm

A

Migration and invagination of epiblast cells underneath the primitive streak

35
Q

All 3 layers of the trilamiar disc are derived from the …

A

Epiblast

36
Q

What is derived from the ectoderm

A
  • Nervous system

- Skin

37
Q

What is derived from the mesoderm

A
  • Muscle
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Bone
38
Q

What is derived from the endoderm

A

1) Lining of
- GI tract
- Respiratory tract

2) Parenchyma of glands

39
Q

Define gestational age

A

Time since last menstruation

40
Q

Define embryonic age

A

Gestational age + 2 weeks

41
Q

How is left-right asymmetry established

A

Signalling molecules at the primitive node initiated side specific cascades that signal “left” and “right” sidedness

42
Q

Describe ‘situs inversus’

A

Complete mirror image of viscera (organs)

Generally causes no problems unless a person presents with both normal and mirror image viscera orientation

43
Q

How does situs inversus affect cilia

A

Immotile/abnormal cilia

44
Q

What is a potential explanation for situ inversus

A

Immotile cilia during gastrulation

Causing the misdirection of side-specific signalling molecules

45
Q

Describe neurulation

A

Formation of the early nervous system

46
Q

Describe the notochord

Composition, location and function

A
  • Solid tube of cells
  • In the Mesdoderm
  • Convesion of the overlying ectoderm into neuroectoderm
47
Q

What structure overlies the notochord following neurulation

A

The neural tube

48
Q

Name the 4 parts of the mesoderm

A

Paraxial
Intermediate
Somatic
Splanchnic

49
Q

What is occurs the intraembryonic coelom in later development

A

Organs form within this space

50
Q

What forms from the intermediate mesoderm

A

The Genito-Urinary Tract

51
Q

What forms from the paraxial mesoderm

A

Somites which then turns into:

  • Muscles
  • Bones
52
Q

What arises from the Splanchnic mesoderm

A

The Viscera of the body (I.e. the organs)

53
Q

What develops from the somatic mesoderm

A

Connective tissue

54
Q

How many somites are there in total following segmentation

A

31

55
Q

Why can somites be used to determine developmental stage

A

Because they appear in an ordered and predictable fashion

56
Q

What forms from the dermatome

A

Skin

57
Q

What forms from myotome

A

Muscle

58
Q

What forms from sclerotome

A

Bones

59
Q

What are the 2 implications of segmentation

A

1) Gives rise to repeating structures (e.g. ribs, vertebrae)

2) Guides innervation

60
Q

Describe the 2 stages of embryonic folding and the resulting external structure

A

1 - Cephalocaudal folding
The head and tail fold towards the centre

2 - Lateral folding
The edges fold into the centre

Causing ectoderm to completely cover the surface with a small segment of endoderm showing through

61
Q

When is the conceptus more vulnerable to teratogenesis and why

A

Embryonic

Organs develop during this time

62
Q

How does the relationship between the amniotic sac and the embryo change after folding

A
  • Folding pulls the amniotic membrane around the disc

- Suspending the embryo within the amniotic sac

63
Q

Describe how folding affects the early:

  • Gut
  • Heart ❤️
  • Diaphragm
A
  • Creates the primordium of the gut
  • Puts the positioning of the heart in the correct place
  • Puts the primordium of the diaphragm in the correct place
64
Q

At which developmental stage does implantation normally occur

A

Blastocyst

65
Q

What is the function of the hypoblast layer

A

It lines the blastocyst cavity forming the yolk sac

66
Q

What is the forms from the notochord in later life

A

The nucleus purposes of intervertebral discs

67
Q

Why does the buccopharngeal and cloacal membrane have no mesoderm

A

It gives rise to the future mouth and anus respectively

68
Q

What does the primitive streak contain and how can these lead to fetal tumours

A
  • They contain stem cells

- Persistence of the primitive streak can lead to differentiation of the cells to many different cell types

69
Q

Define a zygote

A

A single diploid cell formed following the fusion of a sperm and an oocyte

Body logistics (5 decks)

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