Bones and Cartilage

Question 1

Name the 3 types of cartilage

Answer 1

• Hayline
• Fibrous
• Elastic

Question 2

What cell do all cartilage types have

Answer 2

• Chondrocytes
• Proteoglycan
• Hyaluronic Acid

Question 3

What is Haline Cartilage composed of

Answer 3

Type 2 collagen
Chondrocytes
Hyaluronic Acid

Question 4

What is the function of hyaluronic acid

Answer 4

Assists resilience to repeated application of pressure

Question 5

What do chondrocytes lie in

Answer 5

Lacunae

Question 6

Where is hyaline cartilage founds

Answer 6

• Articular surfaces of bone

- Trachea

Question 7

Describe apposition all growth

Answer 7

Growth from the periphery (outside ➡️ in)

Question 8

Describe the blood supply to hyaline cartilage and explain its implications

Answer 8

It’s avascular

All substance exchange happens in the matrix

Question 9

Where is elastic cartilage found

Answer 9

• Pinna of the ear 👂
• Eustachian Tube
• Epiglottis

Question 10

What cells are found in hyaline cartilage

Answer 10

Chondrocytes ONLY

Question 11

What cells are found in elastic cartilage

Answer 11

Chondrocytes ONLY

Question 12

What cells are found in fibrous cartilage

Answer 12

Chondrocytes AND fibroblasts

Question 13

What fibres does elastic cartilage have and how does this impact function

Answer 13

Contains elastic fibres

Thus gives elasticity

Question 14

What is fibrocartilage made of

Answer 14

Hyaline cartilage

+

Dense regular Connective tissue

Question 15

Where is fibrocartilage found

Answer 15

• Intervertebral discs
• Meniscus of knee
• Pubic Synthesis

Question 16

What is the function of fibrocartilage

Answer 16

To act as a shock absorber and to resist shearing forces

Question 17

Describe the role of hyaline cartilage in bone development

Answer 17

Hyaline cartilage used as a template

Question 18

Describe endochondral ossification INCOMPLETE COMPLETE

Answer 18

• Hyaline cartilage used as a template
• compact bone appears at the edges
• Primary ossification centre formed
• Medulla becomes cancellous bone
• Cartilage forms epiphyseal plates
• Secondary centres of ossification form

Question 19

What is the relationship between the epiphyseal plate and growth

Answer 19

After the cessation of growth the plate dissapears

Question 20

Name the 4 types of cells in bone

Answer 20

Oesteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

Question 21

What are osteoprogenitor cells

AND

where are they found

Answer 21

Stems cells

Found in the inner lining of the periosteum and endosteum

Question 22

Describe osteoblasts

AND

What do they secrete

Answer 22

Bone forming cells

Secrete type 1 collagen and bone matrix proteins

Question 23

Describe osteocytes

AND

Where are they found

Answer 23

Mature bone cells that have mineralised and enclosed in bone matrix

Trapped within the osteon

Question 24

Describe osteoclasts

AND

Where are they found
What are they derived from

Answer 24

Bone resorption cells

AND

In the endosteum
Originated from macrophage/monocyte progenitor cells

Question 25

What are the 4 stages of bone repair

Answer 25

1 - Haematoma formation
2 - Soft callus formation
3 - Hard callus formation
4 - Bone remodelling

Question 26

Describe osteoarthritis

Answer 26

Degeneration of the hyaline cartilage
Narrowing of the joint space
Causes bone to rub onto bone

Question 27

Describe Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 27

• Autoimmune disease triggering inflammation at the joint
• Causes damage to bone AND cartilage
• Thickens the joint capsule

Question 28

Explain the role of bone and electrolyte homeostasis

Answer 28

Acts as a store of Ca2+ and phosphate