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panic principles flashcards > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what is gametogenesis?

A

formation of gametes

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2
Q

what is a gamete

A

haploid cells

23 chromosomes

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3
Q

what does gametogenesis involve

A

mitosis then meiosis

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4
Q

what is Spermatogenesis

A

formation of male gametes

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5
Q

how long does Spermatogenesis take

A

64 days

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6
Q

what is oogenesis

A

formation of female gametes

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7
Q

when is oogenesis halted and restarted

A

halted at prophase

meiosis restarts at puberty

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8
Q

what is nondisjunction

A

failure of sister chromatids to separate during cell division

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9
Q

what is trisomy 21

A

down syndrome

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10
Q

what can nondisjunction in meiosis cause

A

trisomy

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11
Q

what is fertilisation

A

fusion of sperm and oocyte to form a zygote

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12
Q

what is a zygote

A

diploid single cell that will develop into an embryo

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13
Q

what is cleavage

A

mitotic cell division of the zygote

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14
Q

what is formed during cleavage

A

morula

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15
Q

why is there no increase in size during cleavage

A

because of the presence of the zona pellucida

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16
Q

what is gastrulation?

A

formation of the three primary germ layers

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17
Q

what are the three primary germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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18
Q

what is established during gastrulation

A

body axes

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19
Q

where does fertilisation occur

A

ampulla

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20
Q

what does sperm bind to in fertilisation

A

zona pellucida

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21
Q

what is released by the head of sperm when attached to the ZP

A

acrosomal enzymes

22
Q

what happens to the oocyte once the membranes of the sperm and the oocyte have fused

A

completes meiosis 2

releases cortical granules

23
Q

what occurs when the morula undergoes compaction

A

cells become closely associated with each other by forming cell junctions to maximise space

24
Q

what is formed when fluid enters through the zona pellucida

A

the blastocyst cavity

25
Q

what is the outer layer of a blastocyst called

A

trophoblast layer

26
Q

what do cells form when they group together in a blastocyst

A

inner cell mass

27
Q

why does the blastocyst break free of the ZP

A

it is restrictive, and to implant

28
Q

when does implantation usually occur

A

day 6

29
Q

when is a bilaminar embryo formed

A

day 8

30
Q

what are the two layers that the trophoblast splits into

A

cytotrophoblast

syncytiotrophoblast

31
Q

what is the syncytiotrophoblast

A

outer multinucleate layer

32
Q

what is the cytotrophoblast

A

inner mononucleate layer

33
Q

what two layers does the inner cell mass split into

A

epiblast

hypoblast

34
Q

what is the small cavity in the epiblast known as

A

the amniotic cavity

35
Q

what layer penetrates the uterine lining

A

syncytiotrophoblast

36
Q

how is the heusers membrane formed and when

A

day 9

cells from the hypoblast cover the cytotrophoblast

37
Q

what does heusers membrane line

A

the primitive yolk sac

38
Q

what forms in the synctiotrophoblast

A

trophoblastic lacunae

39
Q

what is ectopic pregnancy

A

when implamtation occurs outwith the uterus

40
Q

when does the primitive streak form

A

day 15

41
Q

where does the primitive streak appear

A

the midline of the epiblast layer

42
Q

what is at the cranial end of the primitive streak

A

primitive pit/node

43
Q

when does gastrulation occur

A

day 16

44
Q

how are the 3 primary germ, layers formed?

A

epibklast cells move through the primitive streak

45
Q

fate of the ectoderm?

A

skin

nervous system

46
Q

fate of the endoderm?

A

lining of gut tubes, respiratory tract, bladder, urethra

47
Q

what are the three regions of the mesoderm

A

paraxial
intermediate
lateral plate

48
Q

what two parts make up the lateral plate mesoderm

A

somatic and visceral

49
Q

fate of the paraxial mesoderm

A

axial skeleton
skeletal muscle
dermis of the back

50
Q

fate of the intermediate mesoderm

A

urogenital systems

51
Q

somatic lateral plate mesoderms fate?

A

dermis
lining of body wall
limbs

52
Q

visceral lateral plate mesoderms fate?

A

CVS
smooth muscle
mesothelium

panic principles flashcards (7 decks)

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