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CADE Block 3 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How does fetal lung development begin

A

ventral outpouching of the endodermal foregut called the respiratory (laryngotracheal) diverticulum (lung bud) –> day 22

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2
Q

The proximal end of the respiratory diverticulum forms the…

A

Larynx and trachea

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3
Q

The lung is comprised of what types of tissue

A

endoderm and mesoderm

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4
Q

The endoderm of the respiratory diverticulum gives rise to…

A

mucosal lining of the bronchi and to the epithelial cells of the alveoli

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5
Q

Mesoderm in the lung forms…

A

muscle and cartilage supporting the bronchi and the visceral pleura covering the lung

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6
Q

tracheoesophageal septum forms from…

A

fusing of the two tracheoesophageal ridges (folds)

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7
Q

dorsal foregut becomes…

ventral foregut becomes…

A

esophagus

trachea and lung buds

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8
Q

Tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) results from…

A

incomplete fusion of the tracheoesophageal folds that results in a failure of the foregut to separate completely into trachea and esophagus.

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9
Q

Trachea develops from …

A

proximal part of the respiratory diverticulum

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10
Q

The cartilage, connective tissue, and muscles of the trachea are derived from…

A

splanchnic mesenchyme surrounding the laryngotracheal tube.

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11
Q

Number of lung lobes in each for developing embryo

A

3 in right, 2 in left

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12
Q

When is the limited age of viability and why?

A

22-23 weeks gestation. Respiration is possible only after the blood-air barrier is esblished and the gas exchange can be performed

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13
Q

complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins in maturing alveoli

A

Pulmonary surfactant (secreted by alveolar type II cells)

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14
Q

The respiratory distress syndrome of premature infants is caused by

A

inadequate production of surfactant

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15
Q

Potter sequence

A

a spectrum of abnormalities . These include deformed limbs; wrinkly, dry skin; and an abnormal facies (in this context, facies means “facial appearance”) consisting of wide-set eyes with infraorbital skin creases, beak nose, recessed chin, and low-set ears.

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16
Q

The intraembryonic coelom is partitioned by

A

A pair of pleuropericardialmembranes

A pair of pleuroperitoneal membranes

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17
Q

When the intraembryonic coelom forms, the lateral mesoderm divides into:

A

somatic (parietal) and splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm

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18
Q

Each pericardioperitoneal canal lies:

A
  • lateral to the foregut(future esophagus)
  • dorsal to septum transversum(part of the future diaphragm).
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19
Q

4 embryonic sources of diaphragm

A
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20
Q

central tendon of the diaphragm is made of what tissue

A

mesodermal mass in the cervical region of the embryo

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21
Q

Fusing of what two tossues completes the partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

dorsal mesentery of esophagus and septum transversum

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22
Q

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) is caused by what

A

failure of pleuroperitoneal foldsto develop or to fuse with other components of diaphragm (usually posterolateral on left side)

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23
Q

Blood vessel formation begins during week … in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac, connecting stalk and chorion.

A

3

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24
Q

Primary embryonic arteries

A

paired dorsal aorta

intersegmental arteries between somites

aortic arch arteries

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25
Q

Primary embryonic venous system

A

Cardinal venous system

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26
Q

Placenta blood flow

A

Blood enters embryo through 1 umbilical vein and returns to mother through 2 umbilical arteries

27
Q

Circulation of yolk sac is primary through …

A

Vitelline veins

28
Q

Caudally, the dorsal aortae fuse to form

A

Descending aorta

29
Q

From where do pharyngeal arch arteries arise?

A

aortic sac

30
Q

How are the aortic sac and dorsal aortae connected

A

aortic arches

31
Q

What is the function of umbilical arteries

A

Links dorsal aortae to capillaries of chorionic villi (develop in connecting stalk)

32
Q

Name gastrointesinal arteries

A

Celiac (caudal)

Superior

Inferior mesenteric (rostral)

Form from vitalline, off of descending aorta

33
Q

What does the aortic sac later give rise to

A

Brachiocephalic artery and ascending aorta

34
Q

What does the third aortic arch become

A

Common carotid arteries

Proximal internal carotid arteries (rest by doersal aorta)

35
Q

From what do external carotids form

A

They sprout from the internal carotids

36
Q

Left fourth aortic arch forms…

Right fourth aortic arch forms…

A

Part of aortic arch

Proximal right subclavian artery

37
Q

Left sixth aortic arch becomes

Right sixth aortic arch becomes

A

Left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

Right pulmonary artery

38
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerves hook around which aortic arches

A

sixth

39
Q

3 paired veins that drain into sinus venosus

A

vitelline veins (low oxygen, yolk sac)

Umbilical veins (placenta, high oxygen)

Common cardinal veins (low oxygen, embryonic body)

40
Q

What veins drain cranial portion of embryo

A

anterior cardinal veins

41
Q

Anterior cardinal veins join to form what? Function?

A

Left brachiocephalic vein, shunts blood from left to right AC vein

42
Q

What forms the superior vena cava

A

right anterior cardinal and right common cardinal veins

43
Q

Supracardinal veins form from

A

Posterior cardinal veins

44
Q

Azygous vein forms from

A

Right supracardinal vein

45
Q

Left supracardinal vein forms

A

Hemizygous vein

Accessory hemizygous vein

46
Q

Function of ductus venosus

A

allows most of the blood from the placenta to bypass the liver (by flowing directly into IVC)

47
Q

Portal vein is derived from

A

vitelline veins

48
Q

Left umbilical vein becomes …

A

Umbilical vein

49
Q

Where does the heart begin to develop

A

The cardiogenic region

50
Q

Angioblastic cords form from what tissue

A

Mesoderm

51
Q

angioblasticcords canalize (hollow out) to form

A

two parallel endocardial heart tubes

52
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm becomes…

Somatic mesoderm becomes…

A

Visceral pericardium

Parietal pericardium

53
Q

Flow of blood through primitive heart

A
54
Q

Dextrocardia cause

A
  • Embryonic heart tube bends to the left instead of to the right
  • Heart is displaced to the right
55
Q

What is sinus venarum

A

Part of the developing atrium where the sinus venosus is incorporated into

56
Q

How do pulmonary veins form

A

During week 4, the primitive atrium sprouts a pulmonary vein that divides to produce a total of 4 pulmonary veins that grow toward the lungs where they anastomose with veins developing in the mesoderm around the bronchial buds.

57
Q

Four sets of partitions in developing heart seperate:

A

1) the atria from the ventricles
2) the right and left atria
3) the right and left ventricles
4) the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta

58
Q

What is the atrioventricular canal

A

a large single passageway between the primitive atrium and the primitive ventricle

59
Q

Ebndocardial cusions do what?

A

Theendocardial cushions grow toward one another and fuse medially, dividing the AV canal into a right and left atrioventricaropenings.

60
Q

What is the foramen primum

A

opening between the septum primumand the endocardial cushions.

61
Q

Order of atrial spetation

A
  1. Foramen primum
  2. Septum primum
  3. Foramen secundum
  4. Septum secundum
  5. Foramen Ovale
  6. Fossa Ovalis
62
Q

What forms the partition between aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

aorticopulmonary septum

63
Q

The aorticopulmonary septum develops from what

A

Truncal ridges and bulbar ridges (neural crest cells)

CADE Block 3 (7 decks)

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