Embryology

Question 1

Stages of lung development

Answer 1

Embryonic, Pseudoglandular, Canalicular, Saccular, Alveolar

Question 2

Embryonic stage weeks of development

Answer 2

4-7 weeks

Question 3

Initial week of lung bud development from respiratory diverticulum

Answer 3

Week 4

Question 4

Pseudoglandular stage weeks of development

Answer 4

5-17 weeks

Question 5

Errors in this stage can lead to tracheoesophageal fistula

Answer 5

Embryonic stage

Question 6

Canalicular stage weeks of development

Answer 6

16-25 weeks

Question 7

Stage airways increase in diameter and respiration capable

Answer 7

Canalicular stage

Question 8

Saccular stage weeks of development

Answer 8

Week 26-birth

Question 9

Number of alveoli at birth

Answer 9

20-70 million

Question 10

Leads to increased vascular resistance through gestation

Answer 10

Aspiration and expulsion of amniotic fluid

Question 11

Process that leads to adult alveoli from terminal sacs

Answer 11

Secondary septation

Question 12

Stage terminal sacs separated by primary septation

Answer 12

Saccular stage

Question 13

Stage terminal bronchioles develop

Answer 13

Pseudoglandular stage

Question 14

Stage of lung development characterized by secondary septation

Answer 14

Alveolar stage

Question 15

Stage pneumocytes develop

Answer 15

Saccular

Question 16

Pulmonary hyperplasia resulting from diaphragmatic hernia typically occurs on what side of diaphragm

Answer 16

Left side

Question 17

Bilateral renal agenesis results in what pulmonary condition

Answer 17

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Question 18

Caused by abnormal budding of the foregut and dilation of terminal or large bronchi

Answer 18

Bronchogenic cysts

Question 19

Discrete, round, sharply defined, fluid filled densities on CXR causing airway compression or recurrent pulmonary infections

Answer 19

Bronchogenic cysts

Question 20

Non-ciliated, low-columnar/cuboidal cells with secretory granules located in small airways

Answer 20

Clara cells

Question 21

Function of Clara cells

Answer 21

Secrete component of surfactant, degrade toxins, reserve cells

Question 22

Law of Laplace

Answer 22

P = 2(surface tension)/radius

Question 23

Type of epithelium on type 1 pneumocytes

Answer 23

Squamous epithelium

Question 24

Week surfactant synthesis begins

Answer 24

Week 26

Question 25

Week mature levels of surfactant achieved

Answer 25

Week 35

Question 26

Respiratory cells that proliferate in presence of toxins

Answer 26

Clara cells

Question 27

Function of surfactant

Answer 27

Prevent collapse of alveoli during exhalation

Question 28

Surfactant deficiency treatment before birth

Answer 28

Maternal steroids

Question 29

Surfactant deficiency treatment after birth

Answer 29

Exogenous surfactant to infant