Embryology

Question 1

Induces ectoderm differentiation

Answer 1

Notochord

Question 2

Differentiates into neural plate

Answer 2

Neuroectoderm

Question 3

Gives rise to neural tube and neural crest cells

Answer 3

Neural plate

Question 4

Becomes nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc in adults

Answer 4

Notochord

Question 5

Embryological structure that gives rise to dorsal sensory nerves

Answer 5

Alar plate

Question 6

Embryological structure that gives rise to ventral motor nerves

Answer 6

Basal plate

Question 7

Structures derived from telencephalon

Answer 7

Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

Question 8

Structures derived from myelencephalon

Answer 8

Medulla and lower fourth ventricle

Question 9

Structures derived from diencephalon

Answer 9

Thalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle

Question 10

Structures derived from mesencephalon

Answer 10

Midbrain, aqueduct

Question 11

Structures derived from metencephalon

Answer 11

Pons, cerebellum, upper fourth ventricle

Question 12

Gives rise to telencephalon and diencephalon

Answer 12

Forebrain

Question 13

Gives rise to metencephalon and myelencephalon

Answer 13

Hindbrain

Question 14

Gives rise to mesencephalon

Answer 14

Midbrain

Question 15

Other name for forebrain

Answer 15

Prosencephalon

Question 16

Other name for midbrain

Answer 16

Mesencephalon

Question 17

Other name for hindbrain

Answer 17

Rhombencephalon

Question 18

Tissue microglia derived from

Answer 18

Mesoderm

Question 19

Lab findings in neural tube defects

Answer 19

Increased alpha-fetoprotein and AChE

Question 20

Neural tube defects are associated with what

Answer 20

Low folate intake before and during pregnancy and maternal diabetes

Question 21

Mechanism of anencephaly

Answer 21

Failure of rostral neuropore to close

Question 22

Complications of anencephaly

Answer 22

Polyhydramnios, no forebrain and open calvarium

Question 23

Mechanism of spina bifida occulta

Answer 23

Failure of caudal neuropore to close

Question 24

Associated with tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect and no herniation

Answer 24

Spina bifida occulta

Question 25

Meninges herniate though bony defect, no neural tissue

Answer 25

Meningocele

Question 26

Neuropore that fails to close in meningocele

Answer 26

Caudal neuropore

Question 27

Meninges and neural tissue herniate through bony defect

Answer 27

Meningomyelocele

Question 28

Most common neural tube defect

Answer 28

Spina bifida occulta

Question 29

Brain abnormality seen on MRI as monoventricle and fusion of basal ganglia

Answer 29

Holoprosencephaly

Question 30

Genetic defect associated with holoprosencephaly

Answer 30

Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway

Question 31

Findings in holoprosencephaly

Answer 31

Cleft lip/palate or cyclopia

Question 32

Trisomy associated with holoprosencephaly

Answer 32

Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)

Question 33

Malformation with herniation of cerebellar tonsils, usually asymptomatic in childhood

Answer 33

Chiari I malformation

Question 34

Spinal cord abnormality associated with Chiari I malformation

Answer 34

Syringomyelia

Question 35

Initial area of damage in Syringomyelia

Answer 35

Anterior white commissure causing bilateral loss of paint and temperature in upper extremities

Question 36

Manifests in adulthood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms and associated with syringomyelia

Answer 36

Chiari I malformation

Question 37

Presents with agenesis of cerebellar vermis, cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle and hydrocephalus

Answer 37

Dandy-Walker syndrome

Question 38

Neural tube disorder associated with Dandy-Walker syndrome

Answer 38

Spina bifida occulta

Question 39

Spina bifida patient with ataxia and non-communicating hydrocephalus has what other condition

Answer 39

Dandy-Walker syndrome

Question 40

Cystic cavity within central canal of spinal cord associated with Chiari I malformation

Answer 40

Syringomyelia

Question 41

Location of lesion in syringomyelia patient presenting with ptosis, miosis, and anhydrosis

Answer 41

Lateral horn

Question 42

Location of lesion in syringomyelia patient presenting with LMN deficits, atrophy, decreased muscle tone, and reflexes

Answer 42

Anterior horn

Question 43

Branchial arches forming anterior 2/3 of tongue

Answer 43

1st and 2nd branchial arches

Question 44

CN providing sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue

Answer 44

CN V3

Question 45

CN providing taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

Answer 45

CN VII

Question 46

Branchial arches forming posterior 1/3 of tongue

Answer 46

3rd and 4th branchial arches

Question 47

CNs providing most taste and sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue

Answer 47

CN IX

Question 48

CNs providing taste and sensation to extreme posterior part of tongue

Answer 48

CN X

Question 49

CNs that are motor to tongue

Answer 49

CNs X and XII

Question 50

CNs that sense pain for tongue

Answer 50

CNs V3, IX, X

Question 51

CNs that sense taste for tongue

Answer 51

CNs VII, IX, X

Question 52

Muscle that retracts and depresses tongue

Answer 52

Hyoglossus

Question 53

CN providing motor innervation to hyoglossus

Answer 53

CN XII

Question 54

Muscle that protrudes tongue

Answer 54

Genioglossus

Question 55

CN providing motor innervation to genioglossus

Answer 55

CN XII

Question 56

Muscle that draws sides of tongue upward creating a trough for swallowing

Answer 56

Styloglossus

Question 57

CN providing motor innervation to styloglossus

Answer 57

CN XII

Question 58

Tongue muscles innervated by CN XII

Answer 58

Hyoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus

Question 59

Muscle that elevates posterior tongue during swallowing

Answer 59

Palatoglossus

Question 60

CN proving motor innervation to palatoglossus

Answer 60

CN X