Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Part of the neuron that is visible with Nissl staining
A
Cell bodies and dendrites
2
Q
Structure in dendrite stained by Nissl staining
A
RER
3
Q
Structure of neuron not stained by Nissl staining
A
Axons - lack RER
4
Q
Degeneration of axon distal to site of injury and axonal retraction proximally
A
Wallerian degeneration
5
Q
Astrocyte marker
A
GFAP
6
Q
Tissue astrocytes derived from
A
Neuroectoderm
7
Q
Virus that infects astrocytes
A
JC virus
8
Q
GFAP positive cerebellar mass in children
A
Astrocytoma
9
Q
Cell involved in reactive gliosis in response to neural injury
A
Astrocyte
10
Q
Astrocytes are a component of what physical structure
A
BBB
11
Q
Buffering provided by astrocytes
A
Extracellular potassium buffer and glycogen fuel reserve buffer
12
Q
Cells of the nervous system that remove excess neurotransmitter
A
Astrocytes
13
Q
Macrophages of the CNS
A
Microglia
14
Q
Composition of multinucleated giant cells in the CNS
A
HIV-infected microglia
15
Q
Cells not seen on Nissl stain and are activated by tissue damage in CNS
A
Microglia
16
Q
What is found in high concentrations in nodes of Ranvier
A
Sodium channels
17
Q
Function of myelin
A
Increase conduction velocity of signals transmitted down axons
18
Q
What signal functions are increased by myelin
A
Signal velocity and length constant
19
Q
Nodes of Ranvier allow what type of conduction
A
Saltatory conduction
20
Q
What is myelin composed of
A
Lipids and proteins
21
Q
Disease that injures Schwann cells
A
Guillain-Barre syndrome
22
Q
Function of Schwann cells
A
Myelinate PNS axons
23
Q
Tissue Schwan cells derived from
A
Neural crest cells
24
Q
Function of oligodendrocytes
A
Myelinate CNS axons
25
Predominant type of glial cell in white matter
Oligodendrocytes
26
Tissue oligodendrocytes derived from
Neuroectoderm
27
Diseases that injure oligodendrocytes
Multiple sclerosis, PML and leukodystrophies
28
Slow unmyelinated fibers that sense pain and temperature located in skin, epidermis and some viscera
C fibers
29
Fast unmyelinated fibers that sense pain and temperature located in skin, epidermis and some viscera
A-delta fibers
30
Fibers that make up free nerve endings
C fibers an A-delta fibers
31
Sensory receptor located in hairless skin, senses fine/light touch and position sense
Meissner corpuscles
32
Fibers associated with Meissner corpuscles
Large, fast-adapting myelinated fibers
33
Fibers associated with Pacinian corpuscles
Large, fast-adapting myelinated fibers
34
Sensory receptors found in deep skin layers, ligaments and joints that sense vibration and pressure
Pacinian corpuscles
35
Fibers associated with Merkel discs
Large, slow-adapting myelinated fibers
36
Sensory fibers found on finger tips and superficial skin that sense pressure, position sense and deep static touch
Merkel discs
37
Fibers associated with Ruffini corpuscles
Slow-adapting dendritic endings with capsule
38
Sensory fibers found on finger tips and joints that sense pressure, joint angle changes and slippage of objects along surface of skin
Ruffini corpuscles
39
Fibers that are 0.5 to 2 microns in diameter blocked more by local anesthetics
C fibers
40
Fibers that are 3 to 5 microns in diameter and less affected by local anesthetics
A-delta fibers
41
Surround fascicle of nerve fibers and provides the blood-nerve permeability barrier
Perineurium
42
Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve
Epineurium
43
Surrounds single nerve fiber and is location of myelin layer
Endoneurium
44
Nerve layer that must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment
Perineurium
45
Nerve layer attacked in Guillain-Barre syndrome
Endoneurium
46
Response of cell body to axonal injury with increased protein synthesis in effort to repair damaged axon seen in Wallerian degeneration
Chromatolysis
47
Location of serotonin synthesis
Raphe nucleus
48
Location of ACh synthesis
Basal nucleus of Meynert
49
Location of dopamine synthesis
Ventral tegmentum, SNc
50
Location of GABA synthesis
Nucleus accumbens
51
Location of NE synthesis
Locus ceruleus
52
NT changes seen in Alzheimer's
Decreased ACh
53
NT changes seen in anxiety
Decreased GABA, serotonin
| Increased NE
54
NT changes seen in depression
Decreased dopamine, NE, serotonin
55
NT changes seen in schizophrenia
Increased dopamine
56
NT changes seen in Huntington disease
Decreased ACh, GABA
| Increased dopamine
57
NT changes seen in Parkinson's
Decreased dopamine, serotonin
| Increased ACh
58
Three membranes the surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
59
Thick outer layer closest to skull
Dura mater
60
Tissue dura mater derived from
Mesoderm
61
Thin, fibrous layer that firmly adheres to brain and spinal cord
Pia mater
62
Tissue pia mater derived from
Neural crest
63
Middle layer of meninges with web-like connections
Arachnoid mater
64
Tissue arachnoid mater derived from
Neural crest
65
What is contained in epidural space
Fat and blood vessels
66
Potential space between dura mater and skull
Epidural space
67
Space located between arachnoid and pia mater
Subarachnoid space
68
What is contained in subarachnoid space
CSF
69
NTs with only CNS effects
Serotonin, GABA, and glutamate
70
NTs with both PNS and CNS effects
NE, ACh, dopamine
71
Function of BBB
Prevents blood substances from reaching the CSF/CNS
72
Structures that make up BBB
1. Tight junctions by non-fenestrated capillary endothelial cells
2. Basement membrane
3. Astrocyte foot processes
73
How do glucose and amino acids cross BBB
Slowly by carrier-mediated transport mechanism
74
How do nonpolar, lipid-soluble substances cross BBB
Rapid diffusion
75
Areas of brain with fenestrated capillaries and no BBB
Area postrema, OVLT, neurohypophysis
76
BBB complication of infarction or neoplasm
Destruction of endothelial tight junctions causing vasogenic edema
77
Area of brain that senses changes in osmolarity and not protected by BBB
OVLT
78
Area of brain that is found in medulla, responds to emetics, and not protected by BBB
Area postrema
79
Area of hypothalamus that controls hunger
Lateral area
80
inhibiting hormone to lateral area hypothalamus
Leptin
81
What does leptin do
Decrease hunger
82
Stimulating hormone to lateral area of hypothalamus
Ghrelin
83
What does ghrelin do
Increase hunger
84
Destruction of lateral are of hypothalamus causes what
Anorexia
85
Area of hypothalamus that controls satiety
Ventromedial
86
Stimulating hormone to ventromedial are of hypothalamus
Leptin
87
What does leptin do in ventromedial area of hypothalamus
Signals fullness
88
What does destruction of the ventromedial area of hypothalamus cause
Hyperphagia
89
Mass that can damage ventromedial area of hypothalamus
Craniopharyngioma
90
Part of the ANS that controls anterior hypothalamus
Parasympathetic
91
Area of hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
92
Area of hypothalamus that controls cooling
Anterior hypothalamus
93
Part of ANS that controls posterior hypothalamus
Sympathetic
94
Function of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
Make ADH and oxytocin, respectively
95
Area of hypothalamus that control heating
Posterior hypothalamus
96
Locus ceruleus is located near what structure
Posterior pons near 4th ventricle
97
What regulates the sleep cycle
Circadian rhythm
98
What controls the circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
99
What regulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Light (environment)
100
Process of melatonin release
Suprachiasmatic nucleus stimulates NE release which activates pineal gland to release melatonin
101
Circadian rhythm controls nocturnal release of which substances
NE, ACTH, prolactin, melatonin
102
How do alcohol, benzos and barbs affect sleep
Decrease REM and delta wave sleep
103
How does NE affect sleep
Decreases REM sleep
104
ECG waveform when awake, eyes open
Beta wave
105
ECG waveform when awake, eyes closed
Alpha wave
106
ECG waveform with highest frequency and lowest amplitude
Beta wave
107
ECG waveform during non-REM sleep stage N1
Theta
108
ECG waveform during non-REM sleep stage N2
Sleep spindles and K complexes
109
ECG waveform during non-REM sleep stage N3
Delta
110
Sleep stage when sleepwalking, night terrors and bedwetting occur
Stage N3 of non-REM sleep
111
ECG waveform with lowest frequency and highest amplitude
Delta
112
How does depression affect the sleep cycle
Increases total REM sleep but decreases REM latency
113
What causes extra-ocular movements during REM sleep
Activity of PPRF
114
ECG waveform during REM sleep
Beta
115
Sleep cycle characterized by loss of motor tone, increased brain O2 use, variable HR and BP, and increased ACh
REM sleep
116
How often does REM sleep occur
Every 90 minutes, duration increases throughout the night
117
What fibers terminate in the VPL nucleus of the thalamus
Spinothalamic tract and posterior column/medial lemniscus
118
Where do fibers from the VPL terminate
Primary somatosensory cortex
119
What does the VPL nucleus sense
Vibration, Pain, Pressure, Proprioception, Light touch, temperature
120
What fibers terminate in the VPM nucleus
Trigeminal and gustatory pathway
121
What does the VPM nucleus sense
Face sensation and taste
122
Where do fibers from the VPM terminate
Primary sensory cortex
123
What fibers terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus
CN II
124
What does the LGN sense
Vision
125
Where do LGN fibers terminate
Calcarine sulcus
126
What fibers terminate in the medial geniculate nucleus
Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
127
What does the MGN sense
Hearing
128
Where do MGN fibers terminate
Auditory cortex of temporal lobe
129
What fibers terminate in the Ventral lateral nucleus
Basal ganglia and cerebellum
130
What is the function of the Ventral lateral nucleus
Motor
131
Where doe ventral lateral nucleus fibers terminate
Motor cortex
132
What are the key components of the limbic system
Mamillary bodies, Amygdala, Cingulate gyrus, Hippocampus, Entorhinal cortex Fornix (MACH EF)
133
What is the function of the limbic system
Behavior modulation, Smell, ANS function, Long-term memory, Emotion (B SALE)
134
Pathway affected with increased activity leading to positive symptoms and target of antipsychotic drugs
Mesolimbic pathway
135
Pathway affected with decreased activity increasing prolactin leading to decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, and gynecomastia
Tuberoinfundibular pathway
136
Pathway affected with decreased activity causing extrapyramidal symptoms, movement disorders and major dopaminergic pathway
Nigrostriatal pathway
137
Pathway affected with decreased activity causing negative symptoms and having minimal effects by antipsychotics
Mesocortical pathway
138
Symptoms of flocculonodular lobe lesions
Truncal ataxia, nystagmus, head tilting (vertigo)
139
Symptoms caused by medial cerebellar lesions involving the vermal cortex, fastigial nuclei or flocculonodular
Truncal ataxia, nystagmus, head tilting (vertigo)
140
Symptoms of lateral cerebellar lesions
Propensity to fall toward injured side (ipsilateral)
141
Bilateral motor deficits affecting axial and proximal limb musculature are caused by what type of cerebellar lesions
Midline cerebellar lesions
142
Deep nuclei of cerebellum from lateral to medial
Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial
143
Purkinje cells exit the cerebellum via what structure
Deep nuclei of cerebellum to contralateral cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle
144
What is the only output of the cerebellar cortex
Purkinje cells
145
Ipsilateral proprioceptive information is received via which cerebellar peduncle
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
146
The middle cerebellar peduncle sends input to what cerebellar structure
Contralateral cortex
147
Which cerebellar peduncle is the output for Purkinje cells
Superior cerebellar peduncle
148
Structures that make up the lentiform nucleus
Putamen and globus pallidus
149
Structures that make up the striatum
Putamen and caudate nucleus
150
Which pathway in basal ganglia inhibits movement
Indirect pathway
151
Dopamine binds to which receptors in the indirect pathway
D2 receptors
152
What does binding of dopamine to D2 receptors cause
Inhibition of the inhibitory pathway
153
Inhibitory pathway of basal ganglia
SNc to striatum to GPe to STN to GPi to thalamus
154
What does binding of dopamine to D1 receptors cause
Stimulation of the excitatory pathway
155
Which basal ganglia pathway promotes movement
Direct pathway
156
Direct pathway of basal ganglia
SNc to striatum to GPi to thalamus
157
What is cerebral perfusion primarily regulated by
PCO2
158
What modulates cerebral perfusion in severe hypoxia
PO2
159
What BP and ICP changes decrease cerebral perfusion
Decreased BP or increased ICP
160
What therapy may be used to treat acute cerebral edema secondary to stroke
Therapeutic hyperventilation
161
Mechanism of therapeutic hyperventilation
Decreases PCO2 causing vasoconstriction leading to decreased cerebral blood flow and decreased ICP
162
What does Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) rely on
Gradient between MAP and ICP
163
What happens when CPP = 0
No cerebral perfusion which can lead to brain death
164
When does hypoxemia increase cerebral perfusion pressure
When PO2 < 50 mmHg
165
Artery that supplies the lateral surface of brain
Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
166
Artery that supplies the anteromedial surface of brain
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
167
Artery that supplies the posterior and inferior surface of brain
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
168
Watershed zones in the brain are located between what arteries
ACA/MCA and PCA/MCA
169
Severe hypotension can affect watershed zones and cause what symptoms
Upper leg/upper arm weakness and deficits in higher-order visual processing
170
What arteries make up the anterior circulation
ACA, internal carotid, MCA
171
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries branch of what artery
Vertebral artery
172
Pontine arteries branch off what artery
Basilar artery
173
Anterior spinal artery branches off what artery
Vertebral artery
174
Artery that connects anterior circulation to posterior circulation
Posterior communicating artery
175
Lenticulostriate arteries branch of what artery
MCA
176
The last arteries that branch off the basilar artery
Superior cerebellar arteries
177
The ACA branches off what artery
Internal carotid artery
178
The common carotid artery branches into what arteries
Internal carotid and external carotid arteries
179
MCA is a branch of what artery
Internal carotid artery
180
The anterior choroidal artery branches off what artery
MCA
181
Unpaired artery that is formed from paired vertebral arteries
Basilar artery
182
Unpaired artery that is part of the anterior circulation
Anterior communicating artery
183
Main location of CSF return via arachnoid granulations
Superior sagittal sinus
184
Superior sagittal sinus drains into what vessel
Confluence of sinuses
185
What two veins drain into the straight sinus
Great cerebral vein and inferior sagittal sinus
186
The confluence of sinuses drains into what vein
Transverse sinus
187
The transverse sinus drains into what vein
Sigmoid sinus
188
The sigmoid sinus passes through what and becomes what
Jugular foramen to become internal jugular vein
189
Presents with headache, swollen eyes, impairment of ocular nerves, Horner's syndrome, CN V1 and V2 sensory loss
Cavernous sinus syndrome
190
Connects lateral ventricle to 3rd ventricle
Interventricular foramina of Monro
191
Connects 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
192
Paired lateral canals connecting 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space
Foramina of Luschka
193
Unpaired medial canal connecting 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space
Foramen of Magendie
194
What makes CSF
Ependymal cells of choroid plexus
195
What reabsorbs CSF
Arachnoid granulations
196
Decreased CSF absorption by arachnoid granulations leading to increased ICP with dilation of all ventricles in CT
Communicating hydrocephalus
197
Structural blockage of CSF flow within ventricles with dilation above blockage
Non-communicating hydrocephalus
198
CNs located above pons
CNs I, II, III, IV
199
CNs located in the pons
CNs V, VI, VII, VIII
200
CNs located in the medulla
CNs IX, X, XI, XII
201
CNs located medially
CNs III, IV, VI, XII (factors of 12)
202
Pineal gland function
Melatonin secretion, circadian rhythms
203
Superior colliculi function
Conjugate vertical gaze center
204
Inferior colliculi function
Auditory
205
Location of pineal gland
Midline above superior colliculi
206
Location of colliculi
Midline above superior cerebellar peduncles
207
CN nuclei located in midbrain
CN nuclei III, IV
208
CN nuclei located in pons
CN nuclei V, Vi, VII, VIII
209
CN nuclei located in medulla
CN nuclei IX, X, XII
210
CN nuclei located in spinal cord
CN nucleus X
211
Anterior cranial fossa
Cribriform plate
212
Middle cranial fossa
Optic canal, Superior orbital fissure, Foramen Rotundum, Ovale, Spinosum
213
Posterior cranial fossa
Internal auditory meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, foramen magnum
214
Structures exit cribriform plate
CN I
215
Structures exit optic canal
CN II, ophthalmic artery
216
Structures exit superior orbital fissure
CNs III, IV, V(1) and VI
217
Structures exit foramen rotundum
CN V(2)
218
Structures exit foramen ovale
CN V(3)
219
Structures exit foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery
220
Structures exit internal auditory meatus
CNs VII, VIII
221
Structures exit jugular foramen
CNs IX, X, XI, jugular vein
222
Structures exit hypoglossal canal
CN XII
223
Structures exit foramen magnum
Brainstem, spinal roots CN XI, vertebral arteries
224
Only CN without thalamic relay to cortex
CN I
225
CN III muscles innervated for eye movement
Superior rectus, Inferior rectus, Medial rectus, Inferior oblique
226
CN III muscle innervated for eyelid opening
levator palpebrae
227
CN that controls pupillary constriction
CN III
228
Muscle that controls pupillary constriction
Sphincter pupillae
229
Actions controlled by CN III
Eye movement, pupillary constriction, accommodation, eyelid opening
230
Muscle controlled by CN IV
Superior oblique
231
CN V motor function
Mastication
232
CN V sensory function
Ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular facial sensation
| Sensation anterior 2/3 of tongue
233
CN VI function
Motor to lateral rectus
234
CN VI motor function
Facial movement, eyelid closing, stapedius
235
CN VII sensory function
Taste anterior 2/3 of tongue
236
CN VII parasympathetic function
Lacrimation, salivation
237
Salivary glands innervated by CN VII
Submandibular and sublingual glands
238
Eye muscles innervated by CN VII
Orbicularis oculi
239
Function of stapedius muscle
Modulate auditory volume
240
CN VIII function
Hearing, balance
241
CN IX sensory function
Taste and sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue
242
CN IX motor function
Elevate pharynx/larynx, swallowing,
243
CN IX parasympathetic function
Salivation, monitoring carotid body and sinus chemo and baroreceptors
244
Salivary gland innervated by CN IX
Parotid gland
245
Oropharynx muscle innervated by CN IX
Stylopharyngeus
246
CN XI function
Head turning, shoulder shrugging
247
Muscles innervated by CN XI
Trapezius, SCM
248
CN XII function
Tongue movement
249
Function of nucleus solitarius
Visceral sensory information like taste, baroreceptors, and gut distention
250
CNs found in nucleus solitarius
CNs VII, IX, X
251
Function of nucleus ambiguus
Motor innervation to pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus
252
CNs found in nucleus ambiguus
CNs IX, X, XI
253
Function of dorsal motor nucleus
Sends autonomic fibers to heart, lungs, upper GI
254
CNs in dorsal motor nucleus
CN X
255
Afferent CN for corneal reflex
CN V(1)
256
Efferent CN for corneal reflex
CN VII temporal branch - orbicularis oculi
257
Afferent CN for lacrimation
CN V(1)
258
Efferent CN for lacrimation
CN VII
259
Sensory receptor for jaw jerk reflex
Muscle spindle from masseter
260
Afferent CN for jaw jerk reflex
CN V(3)
261
Motor muscle for jaw jerk reflex
Masseter
262
Efferent CN for jaw jerk reflex
CN V(3)
263
Afferent CN for pupillary reflex
CN II
264
Efferent CN for pupillary reflex
CN III
265
Afferent CN for gag reflex
CN IX
266
Efferent CN for gag reflex
CN X
267
Muscles that close jaw
Masseter, Temporalis, Medial pterygoid
268
Muscles that open jaw
Lateral pterygoid
269
CN that innervates muscles of mastication
CN V3 (mandibular division)
270
Total number of spinal nerves
31
271
Number of cervical nerves
8
272
Number of thoracic nerves
12
273
Number of lumbar nerves
5
274
Number of sacral nerves
5
275
Number of coccygeal nerves
1
276
Spinal nerves C1-C7 exit how
Above corresponding vertebra
277
How does C8 spinal nerve exit
Below C7 and above T1 vertebrae
278
How do spinal nerves T1 and below exit
Below its corresponding vertebra
279
Absent ankle reflex is caused by compression of what spinal nerve
S1
280
In adults, at what spinal level does spinal cord end
L1-L2
281
To what spinal level does the subarachnoid space extend to
Lower border of S2
282
At what level is lumbar puncture usually performed
Between L3-L4 or L4-L5
283
At what spinal level is the cauda equina
Between L3 to L5
284
Function of Dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract
Pressure, vibration, fine touch, proprioception
285
Part of dorsal column for lower body and legs
Fasciculus gracilis
286
Which spinal tracts are ascending
Dorsal column, lateral spinothalamic, and anterior spinothalamic tract
287
Part of dorsal column for upper body and arms
Fasciculus cuneatus
288
Spinal level that corresponds to Fasciculus cuneatus
T6 and above
289
Spinal tract for pain ant temperature
Spinothalamic tract
290
Spinal tract for crude touch and pressure
Anterior spinothalamic tract
291
Spinal tract for voluntary motor
Lateral and anterior corticospinal tract
292
Somatotopic arrangement of lateral corticospinal and spinothalamic tract
Legs are lateral
293
Somatotopic arrangement of dorsal columns
Arms outside with legs inside
294
What type of fibers are found in the intermediate horn
Sympathetic fibers
295
At what spinal level is the intermediate horn located
T1 to L2/L3
296
How do Dorsal column fibers ascend
Ipsilaterally
297
Location of cell body of first neuron in Dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract
Dorsal root ganglion
298
Location of first synapse of Dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract
Nucleus gracilis - for fibers below T6
| Nucleus cuneatus - for fibers T6 and above
299
How do fibers ascend in Dorsal column-medial lemniscus after first synapse
Ipsilaterally in medulla
300
Location of decussation in Dorsal column tract
Decussates in medulla
301
How do fibers ascend in Dorsal column after decussation
Contralaterally in in medial lemniscus
302
Where do fibers from Dorsal column-medial lemniscus terminate
In VPL of thalamus
303
Where do fibers from VPL of thalamus terminate
Sensory motor cortex
304
What is the function of the lateral spinothalamic tract
Sense pain and temperature
305
What sensory nerve endings are associated with lateral spinothalamic tract
A-delta and C fibers
306
Location of cell body of first neuron in lateral spinothalamic tract
Dorsal root ganglion
307
Location of first synapse in lateral spinothalamic tract
Ipsilateral gray matter in spinal cord
308
Location of decussation of the lateral spinothalamic tract
Anterior white commissure
309
How do fibers from the lateral spinothalamic tract ascend after decussation
Contralaterally in spinal cord
310
Where do fibers terminate after decussation in the lateral spinothalamic tract
VPL of thalamus
311
Which spinal tracts are descending
Lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts
312
Function of lateral corticospinal tract
Voluntary movement of contralateral limbs
313
Location of cell body of first neuron in lateral corticospinal tract
Primary motor cortex
314
Path fibers descend from first neuron of lateral corticospinal tract
Descend ipsilaterally through internal capsule
315
Location of decussation of lateral corticospinal tract
Caudal medulla (pyramidal decussation)
316
Path fibers descend after decussation in lateral corticospinal tract
Descend contralaterally
317
Location of first synapse of lateral corticospinal tract
Cell body of anterior horn in spinal cord
318
UMN is located where
It is the first neuron in corticospinal tract located in primary motor cortex
319
What is a LMN
Neuron located in anterior horn of corticospinal tract exiting spinal cord and terminating at NMJ
320
Spinal nerves that innervate Achilles reflex
(S1), S2 (buckle my shoe)
321
Spinal nerves that innervate patellar reflex
L3, (L4) (kick the door)
322
Spinal nerves that innervate biceps and brachioradialis
(C5), C6 (pick up sticks)
323
Spinal nerves that innervate triceps reflex
(C7), C8 (lay them straight)
324
Age primitive reflexes typically disappear
1 year old
325
Inhibits primitive reflexes
Mature/developing frontal lobe
326
Cause of loss of inhibition of primitive reflexes
Frontal lobe lesions
327
Abduct/extend arms when startled, and then draw together
Moro reflex
328
Movement of head toward side of cheek or mouth when stroked
Rooting reflex
329
Sucking response when roof of mouth is touched
Sucking reflex
330
Curling of fingers if palm is stroked
Palmar reflex
331
Dorsiflexion of large toe and fanning of other toes with plantar stimulation
Plantar reflex
332
Presence of plantar reflex in adult which qualifies for UMN lesion
Babinski sign
333
Stroking along one side of the spine when infant is face down causes lateral flexion of lower body toward side being stroked
Galant reflex
334
Sensory to posterior half of the skull
C2
335
Sensory to neck (high turtleneck shirt)
C3
336
Sensory to the nipple line
T4
337
Sensory to upper chest bilaterally extending to anteromedial arms ending at wrist
T1
338
Sensory to lateral shoulders down to thumbs
C6
339
Sensory to posteromedial arm including ring and pinky finger
C8
340
Sensory to upper chest bilaterally down anterolateral arms ending at wrist
C5
341
Sensory at the xiphoid process
T7
342
Sensory at the umbilicus
T10
343
Sensory at suprapubic region
T12
344
Erection and sensation of penile and anal zones
S2, S3, S4 (keep the penis of the floor)
345
Sensory at the inguinal ligament
L1
346
Sensory to neck (low collar shirt)
C4
347
Sensory to anterior leg including kneecaps
L4 (Down on ALL 4's)
