Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Part of the neuron that is visible with Nissl staining
Cell bodies and dendrites
Structure in dendrite stained by Nissl staining
RER
Structure of neuron not stained by Nissl staining
Axons - lack RER
Degeneration of axon distal to site of injury and axonal retraction proximally
Wallerian degeneration
Astrocyte marker
GFAP
Tissue astrocytes derived from
Neuroectoderm
Virus that infects astrocytes
JC virus
GFAP positive cerebellar mass in children
Astrocytoma
Cell involved in reactive gliosis in response to neural injury
Astrocyte
Astrocytes are a component of what physical structure
BBB
Buffering provided by astrocytes
Extracellular potassium buffer and glycogen fuel reserve buffer
Cells of the nervous system that remove excess neurotransmitter
Astrocytes
Macrophages of the CNS
Microglia
Composition of multinucleated giant cells in the CNS
HIV-infected microglia
Cells not seen on Nissl stain and are activated by tissue damage in CNS
Microglia
What is found in high concentrations in nodes of Ranvier
Sodium channels
Function of myelin
Increase conduction velocity of signals transmitted down axons
What signal functions are increased by myelin
Signal velocity and length constant
Nodes of Ranvier allow what type of conduction
Saltatory conduction
What is myelin composed of
Lipids and proteins
Disease that injures Schwann cells
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Function of Schwann cells
Myelinate PNS axons
Tissue Schwan cells derived from
Neural crest cells
Function of oligodendrocytes
Myelinate CNS axons
Predominant type of glial cell in white matter
Oligodendrocytes
Tissue oligodendrocytes derived from
Neuroectoderm
Diseases that injure oligodendrocytes
Multiple sclerosis, PML and leukodystrophies
Slow unmyelinated fibers that sense pain and temperature located in skin, epidermis and some viscera
C fibers
Fast unmyelinated fibers that sense pain and temperature located in skin, epidermis and some viscera
A-delta fibers
Fibers that make up free nerve endings
C fibers an A-delta fibers
Sensory receptor located in hairless skin, senses fine/light touch and position sense
Meissner corpuscles
Fibers associated with Meissner corpuscles
Large, fast-adapting myelinated fibers
Fibers associated with Pacinian corpuscles
Large, fast-adapting myelinated fibers
Sensory receptors found in deep skin layers, ligaments and joints that sense vibration and pressure
Pacinian corpuscles
Fibers associated with Merkel discs
Large, slow-adapting myelinated fibers
Sensory fibers found on finger tips and superficial skin that sense pressure, position sense and deep static touch
Merkel discs
Fibers associated with Ruffini corpuscles
Slow-adapting dendritic endings with capsule
Sensory fibers found on finger tips and joints that sense pressure, joint angle changes and slippage of objects along surface of skin
Ruffini corpuscles
Fibers that are 0.5 to 2 microns in diameter blocked more by local anesthetics
C fibers
Fibers that are 3 to 5 microns in diameter and less affected by local anesthetics
A-delta fibers
Surround fascicle of nerve fibers and provides the blood-nerve permeability barrier
Perineurium
Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve
Epineurium
Surrounds single nerve fiber and is location of myelin layer
Endoneurium
Nerve layer that must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment
Perineurium
Nerve layer attacked in Guillain-Barre syndrome
Endoneurium
Response of cell body to axonal injury with increased protein synthesis in effort to repair damaged axon seen in Wallerian degeneration
Chromatolysis
Location of serotonin synthesis
Raphe nucleus
Location of ACh synthesis
Basal nucleus of Meynert
Location of dopamine synthesis
Ventral tegmentum, SNc
Location of GABA synthesis
Nucleus accumbens
Location of NE synthesis
Locus ceruleus
NT changes seen in Alzheimer’s
Decreased ACh
NT changes seen in anxiety
Decreased GABA, serotonin
Increased NE
NT changes seen in depression
Decreased dopamine, NE, serotonin
NT changes seen in schizophrenia
Increased dopamine
NT changes seen in Huntington disease
Decreased ACh, GABA
Increased dopamine
NT changes seen in Parkinson’s
Decreased dopamine, serotonin
Increased ACh
Three membranes the surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
Thick outer layer closest to skull
Dura mater
Tissue dura mater derived from
Mesoderm
Thin, fibrous layer that firmly adheres to brain and spinal cord
Pia mater
Tissue pia mater derived from
Neural crest
Middle layer of meninges with web-like connections
Arachnoid mater
Tissue arachnoid mater derived from
Neural crest
What is contained in epidural space
Fat and blood vessels
Potential space between dura mater and skull
Epidural space
Space located between arachnoid and pia mater
Subarachnoid space
What is contained in subarachnoid space
CSF
NTs with only CNS effects
Serotonin, GABA, and glutamate
NTs with both PNS and CNS effects
NE, ACh, dopamine
Function of BBB
Prevents blood substances from reaching the CSF/CNS
Structures that make up BBB
- Tight junctions by non-fenestrated capillary endothelial cells
- Basement membrane
- Astrocyte foot processes
How do glucose and amino acids cross BBB
Slowly by carrier-mediated transport mechanism
How do nonpolar, lipid-soluble substances cross BBB
Rapid diffusion
Areas of brain with fenestrated capillaries and no BBB
Area postrema, OVLT, neurohypophysis
BBB complication of infarction or neoplasm
Destruction of endothelial tight junctions causing vasogenic edema
Area of brain that senses changes in osmolarity and not protected by BBB
OVLT
Area of brain that is found in medulla, responds to emetics, and not protected by BBB
Area postrema
Area of hypothalamus that controls hunger
Lateral area
inhibiting hormone to lateral area hypothalamus
Leptin
What does leptin do
Decrease hunger
Stimulating hormone to lateral area of hypothalamus
Ghrelin
What does ghrelin do
Increase hunger
Destruction of lateral are of hypothalamus causes what
Anorexia
Area of hypothalamus that controls satiety
Ventromedial
Stimulating hormone to ventromedial are of hypothalamus
Leptin
What does leptin do in ventromedial area of hypothalamus
Signals fullness
What does destruction of the ventromedial area of hypothalamus cause
Hyperphagia
Mass that can damage ventromedial area of hypothalamus
Craniopharyngioma
Part of the ANS that controls anterior hypothalamus
Parasympathetic
Area of hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Area of hypothalamus that controls cooling
Anterior hypothalamus
Part of ANS that controls posterior hypothalamus
Sympathetic
Function of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
Make ADH and oxytocin, respectively
Area of hypothalamus that control heating
Posterior hypothalamus
Locus ceruleus is located near what structure
Posterior pons near 4th ventricle
What regulates the sleep cycle
Circadian rhythm
What controls the circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
What regulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Light (environment)
Process of melatonin release
Suprachiasmatic nucleus stimulates NE release which activates pineal gland to release melatonin
Circadian rhythm controls nocturnal release of which substances
NE, ACTH, prolactin, melatonin
How do alcohol, benzos and barbs affect sleep
Decrease REM and delta wave sleep
How does NE affect sleep
Decreases REM sleep
ECG waveform when awake, eyes open
Beta wave
ECG waveform when awake, eyes closed
Alpha wave
ECG waveform with highest frequency and lowest amplitude
Beta wave
ECG waveform during non-REM sleep stage N1
Theta
ECG waveform during non-REM sleep stage N2
Sleep spindles and K complexes
ECG waveform during non-REM sleep stage N3
Delta
Sleep stage when sleepwalking, night terrors and bedwetting occur
Stage N3 of non-REM sleep
ECG waveform with lowest frequency and highest amplitude
Delta
How does depression affect the sleep cycle
Increases total REM sleep but decreases REM latency
What causes extra-ocular movements during REM sleep
Activity of PPRF
ECG waveform during REM sleep
Beta
Sleep cycle characterized by loss of motor tone, increased brain O2 use, variable HR and BP, and increased ACh
REM sleep
How often does REM sleep occur
Every 90 minutes, duration increases throughout the night
What fibers terminate in the VPL nucleus of the thalamus
Spinothalamic tract and posterior column/medial lemniscus
Where do fibers from the VPL terminate
Primary somatosensory cortex
What does the VPL nucleus sense
Vibration, Pain, Pressure, Proprioception, Light touch, temperature
What fibers terminate in the VPM nucleus
Trigeminal and gustatory pathway
What does the VPM nucleus sense
Face sensation and taste
Where do fibers from the VPM terminate
Primary sensory cortex
What fibers terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus
CN II
What does the LGN sense
Vision
Where do LGN fibers terminate
Calcarine sulcus
What fibers terminate in the medial geniculate nucleus
Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
What does the MGN sense
Hearing
Where do MGN fibers terminate
Auditory cortex of temporal lobe
What fibers terminate in the Ventral lateral nucleus
Basal ganglia and cerebellum
What is the function of the Ventral lateral nucleus
Motor
Where doe ventral lateral nucleus fibers terminate
Motor cortex
What are the key components of the limbic system
Mamillary bodies, Amygdala, Cingulate gyrus, Hippocampus, Entorhinal cortex Fornix (MACH EF)
What is the function of the limbic system
Behavior modulation, Smell, ANS function, Long-term memory, Emotion (B SALE)
Pathway affected with increased activity leading to positive symptoms and target of antipsychotic drugs
Mesolimbic pathway
Pathway affected with decreased activity increasing prolactin leading to decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, and gynecomastia
Tuberoinfundibular pathway
Pathway affected with decreased activity causing extrapyramidal symptoms, movement disorders and major dopaminergic pathway
Nigrostriatal pathway
Pathway affected with decreased activity causing negative symptoms and having minimal effects by antipsychotics
Mesocortical pathway
Symptoms of flocculonodular lobe lesions
Truncal ataxia, nystagmus, head tilting (vertigo)