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Gastrointestinal System > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How is the gut tube produced

A

Due to lateral and craniocaudal folding in the 4th week of development

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2
Q

What type of mesoderm covers the gut tube

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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3
Q

What lines the gut tube

A

Endoderm

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4
Q

What 3 areas is the gut tube divided into

A

Foregut, midgut and hindgut

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5
Q

What is derived from the foregut

A

Oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, part of the duodenum

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6
Q

What is derived from the midgut

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon

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7
Q

What is derived from the hindgut

A

Transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

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8
Q

What blood vessel supplies the foregut

A

Celiac trunk

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9
Q

What blood vessel supplies the midgut

A

Superior mesentry artery

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10
Q

What blood vessel supplies the hindgut

A

Inferior mesentry artery

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11
Q

What are retroperitoneal structures

A

Those which are not suspended in the abdominal cavity s

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12
Q

What are secondary retroperitoneal structures

A

Structures which were invested in the peritoneum but the mesentry then fused with the posterior abdominal wall, making them retroperitoneal

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13
Q

What causes the production of secondary retroperitoneal structures

A

Rotation of the stomach

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14
Q

What is the intraembryonic coelom

A

The cavity through which the gut tube suspends

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15
Q

What will the intraembryonic coelom develop into

A

Thoracic and abdominal cavities

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16
Q

What septum separates the the GI tract from the respiratory diverticulum

A

Tracheoesophageal septum

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17
Q

What is a mesentry

A

Double fold of peritoneum which suspends the gut tube in the intraembryonic coelom

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18
Q

How far along the tube does dorsal mesentry run

A

Along the whole length

19
Q

How long does the ventral mesentry run along the gut tube

A

Along the foregut

20
Q

why does looping of the midgut and herniation occur

A

as the midgut elongates massively and it runs out of room

21
Q

what connects the midgut to the yolk sac in the umbilical cord

A

vitelline duct

22
Q

how does the midgut rotate

A

around the superior mesenteric artery in 3 90 degree rotations

23
Q

what does the descending of the caecal bud produce

A

the ascending colon

24
Q

which limb of the midgut loop is pushed back in first after herniation

A

cranial limb

25
Q

what is a volvulus

A

twisting of the GI tract, cutting off the blood supply

26
Q

why does recanalisation of the GI tract occur

A

as there is rapid growth of the cells lining the lumen which would otherwise cause atresia or stenosis

27
Q

is pyloric stenosis a recanalisation failure

A

no

28
Q

what is pyloric stenosis

A

where there is hypertrophy of the muscle above the pyloric sphincter

29
Q

would the vomit in pyloric stenosis be bilious or non bilious

A

non bilious as the bile duct has not drained into this prat of the GI tract

30
Q

would the vomit in midgut volvulus be bilious or non bilious

A

bilious as the bile duct has drained into the GI tract by here

31
Q

what is a vitelline cyst

A

where the duct forms a fibrous trans connecting the intestines to the abdominal wall

32
Q

what is a vitelline fistulae

A

where the vitelline duct doesn’t close off, so keeps an opening between the umbilicus and intestines.

33
Q

what is meckels diverticulum

A

where the vitelline duct doesn’t fully regress, so part remains as a remnant

34
Q

what is the rule of 2s with meckels diverticulum

A
  • affects 2% of the population
  • 2:1 male to female ratio
  • 2 feet from ileo-ceacal valve
35
Q

what is gastroschisis

A

where the abdominal wall falls to close during folding so the intestines protrude out

36
Q

what is omphalocoele

A

where there is persistence of the physiological herniation

37
Q

what is umbilical hernia

A

where the intestines bulge out at the belly button but are still covered by skin

38
Q

what line divides the 2 regions of the anus

A

pectinate line

39
Q

from what embryonic layer does the superior portion of the anus derive from

A

endoderm

40
Q

from what embryonic layer does the inferior portion of the anus derive from

A

ectoderm

41
Q

where are the innervations for the superior and inferior portions of the anus

A 
superior = visceral innervation 
inferior = somatic innervation
42
Q

what is an imperforate anus

A

where the anal membrane fails to rupture

43
Q

what is a hindgut fistulae

A

where there is an abnormal connection of the anus to another organ e.g. the bladder

Gastrointestinal System (12 decks)

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