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Uworld Journal > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Urogenital structures arising from intermediate mesoderm (5)

A
  • Kidney (pronephros, mesonephros, metanephric ducts/tubules)
  • Ureter
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Gonads
  • Reproductive ducts (Mesonephric/Wolffian + Paramesonephric/Mullerian)
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2
Q

Primoridal germ cells begin their migration from _ and end up in _

A
  • Yolk sac

- Genital ridges (developing gonads)

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3
Q

What initiates primordial germ cell migration?

A

The presence of two sex chromosomes

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4
Q

Wolffian ducts develop into? (4)

A

SEED

Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, Ductus deferens

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5
Q

Mullerian ducts develop into? (4)

A

Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Cervix, Upper vagina

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6
Q

Genital tubercle develops into (male and female)

A 
Male = Glans of penis
Female = Glans of clitoris
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7
Q

Urethral folds develop into (male and female)

A 
Male = corpora cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, shaft of penis
Female = bulb of vesibule, labia minora
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8
Q

Genital swelling develops into (male and female)

A 
Male = scrotum
Female = labia majora
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9
Q

Anti-Mullerian Hormone is part of what family?

A

TGF-beta superfamily of peptide growth factors

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10
Q

5-alpha reductase type 1 locations

A

Liver and Skin

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11
Q

5-alpha reductase type 1 functions

A

male body hair patterns

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12
Q

5-alpha reductase type 2 locations

A

skin of the genitals and skin on the scalp

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13
Q

5-alpha reductase type 2 functions

A
  • masculinization of the external genitalia in utero

- male pattern baldness

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14
Q

Kleinfelter Syndrome genotype

A

XXY

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15
Q

male + hypogonadism + gynecomastia + above average height + infertile =

A

Kleinfelter Syndrome

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16
Q

Turner Syndrome genotype

A

XO

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17
Q

female + short stature + streak gonad/infertile + no puberty =

A

Turner Syndrome

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18
Q

Kleinfelter levels of LH and FSH (elevated or decreased)

A

Elevated LH, Elevated FSH due to lack of T feedback (low T due to hypogonadism)

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19
Q

SF1 function?

A
  • Transcription factor for DAX1
  • Stimulate AMH/MIS production in Sertoli cells
  • Stimulate T production within Leydig cells
20
Q

One copy of DAX1 function?

A

-Testes differentiation

21
Q

SRY function?

A

Sertoli cell and Leydig cell differentiation

22
Q

Arteries of the developing gut (3)

A

Foregut - Celiac trunk
Midgut - Superior mesenteric artery
Hindgut - Inferior mesenteric artery

23
Q

Developing heart: Bulbus cordis ->

A

Smooth RV + LV

24
Q

Developing heart: Truncus arteriosus ->

A

ascending aorta + pulmonary trunk

25
Q

Developing heart: Primitive Ventricles ->

A

Trabeculated RV + LV

26
Q

Developing heart: Primitive Atria ->

A

R + L auricles

27
Q

Developing heart: Sinus venosus ->

A

Coronary sinus + RA

28
Q

Developing heart: Ductus arteriosus ->

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

29
Q

Function of ductus arteriosus?

A

Connects the fetal pulmonary artery and fetal aorta

30
Q

Function of the foramen ovale?

A

Connects the RA to the LA (R->L shunt)

31
Q

Function of the ductus venosus?

A

Connects the umbilical vein (carrying oxygenated blood) to the IVC

32
Q

Developing heart: Umbilical vein + Ductus venosus ->

A

Ligementum teres

33
Q

Developing heart: Umbilical arteries ->

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

34
Q

Ostium primium is made by: (2)

A

Septum primium growing downwards towards the AV cushions

35
Q

Ostium secundum is formed when?

A

Superior septum primium begins to degenerate

36
Q

Developing heart: Common cardinal veins ->

A

Superior vena cava

37
Q

Interventricular foramen is made via?

A

muscular interventricular septum grows upwards and does not quite reach the AV cushions therefore leaving a space.

38
Q

Aorticopulmonary septum is derived from?

A

neural crest cells

39
Q

Omphalocele

A

Failure of herniated midgut to return to the abdominal cavity during the 5th week of development. Herniated intestines are covered in peritoneal membrane and is midline to the umbilicus.

40
Q

Gastroschisis

A

Full thickness abdominal wall defect allowing small or large bowel to escape. Will not be covered by peritoneal membrane. Protrudes lateral to the umbilicus.

41
Q

Midgut volvulus presents as?

A

Bilious emesis, abdominal pain and distension, rectal bleeding

42
Q

Fixed split S2 is found in which heart defect and which beat comes first (A or P)?

A

ASD

Pulmonic closes first

43
Q

Trisomy 21 heart defect

A

Persistent AV canal, VSD, ASD

44
Q

Umbilical vein oxygen content - high, moderate, low?

A

High O2 content

45
Q

Umbilical artery oxygen content - high, moderate, low?

A

Moderate O2 content

46
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome is the underdevelopment of what 2 things?

A

3rd and 4th branchial pouches

Uworld Journal (12 decks)

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