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Step 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic age at which lip and palate form

A

5th-6th week

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2
Q

Lip and Palate formation fusions

A
  1. first pharyngeal arch splits into the upper maxillary prominence and lower mandibular prominence
  2. fusion of the 2 medial nasal prominences forms the midline intermaxillary segment
  3. left and right maxillary prominences fuse with midline intermaxillary segment forming upper lip and primary palate
    * 1st test
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3
Q

Intermaxillary segment becomes…

A

philtrum of the upper lip, 4 medial maxillary teeth, and the primary palate

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4
Q

unilateral cleft lip

A

one maxillary prominence fails to fuse with intermaxillary segment

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5
Q

bilateral cleft lip

A

both maxillary prominences fail to fuse with intermaxillary segment

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6
Q

cleft palate development

A

7th-8th week of embryonic development –> maxillary prominences give rise to –> palatine shelves –> grow medially and fuse to secondary palate –> fusion of secondary palate with posterior aspect of primary palate forms complete palate

cleft formed by failure of any of these processes

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7
Q

Pierre-Robin sequence

A

hypoplasia of mandible (i.e. micrognathia) –> glossoptosis (posterior displacement of tongue prevents palatal fusion) –> u-shaped cleft palate

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8
Q

neural crest cells give rise to…

A

four pharyngeal pouches and the adrenal medulla hence why a defect in one germ-line cell can produce both medullary thyroid cancers from parafollicular c-cells and pheochromocytomas from adrenal medullary chromaffin cells
*i.e. MEN 2A AND 2B with mx in RET proto-oncogene

originate from ectoderm and are b/l paired strips of cells at the margin of the neural tube

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9
Q

embryologic origin of thyroid parafollicular cells

A

neural crest derived 4th pharyngeal pouch and later fuse with thyroid follicular cells to form thyroid

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10
Q

origin of thyroid follicular cells

A

outpouching of pharyngeal epithelium

tumors = papillary and follicular

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11
Q

origin of fibromas and fibrosarcomas

A

mesothelium –> interstitial fibroblasts –> tumors

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12
Q

thymus

A

3rd branchial pouches

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13
Q

lymphocytes

A

mesenchymal origin

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14
Q

Pronephros

A

week 4, then degenerates; first stage of kidney development

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15
Q

Mesonephros

A

functions as interim kidney for the 1st trimester –> male genital system

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16
Q

Metanephros

A

appears in 5th week

nephrogenesis lasts until 32-36th week

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17
Q

ureteric bud

A

caudal end of mesonephros, fully canalized by 10th week

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18
Q

Glomerulus through distal convoluted tubule embryo origin

A

metanephric mesenchyme following ureteric bud interaction (induces differentiation)

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19
Q

most common cause of fetal hydronephrosis

A

UPJ obstruction

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20
Q

male genital system

A

mesonephric duct

21
Q

epidermis

A

surface ectoderm

22
Q

sweat and mammary glands

A

surface ectoderm

23
Q

Rathke’s pouch (ant. pituitary)

A

surface ectoderm

24
Q

lens + cornea

A

surface ectoderm

25
Q

inner ear sense organ

A

surface ectoderm

26
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

surface ectoderm

27
Q

nasal and oral epithelial lining

A

surface ectoderm

28
Q

brain, spinal cord, posterior pituitary, pineal, retina

A

neural tube

29
Q

autonomic system

A

neural crest

30
Q

adrenal medulla

A

neural crest

31
Q

celiac ganglia

A

neural crest

32
Q

Schwann cells

A

neural crest

33
Q

pia and arachnoid mater

A

neural crest

34
Q

aorticopulmonary septum and endocardial cushions

A

neural crest

35
Q

branchial arches (bones and cartilage)

A

neural crest

36
Q

1st branchial arch

A

Meckel’s cartilage: mandible, malleus, incus, spheno-Mandibular ligament

Muscles of mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid), mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini

CN V2 and V3

37
Q

Treacher-collins syndrome

A

first arch neural crest fails to migrate –> mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

38
Q

2nd branchial arch

A

Richert’s cartilage: stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid

mucles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric

CN VII

39
Q

3rd branchial arch

A

cartilage of greater horn of hyoid

stylopharyngeus

CN IX

40
Q

Congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula

A

persistence of cleft and pouch –> fistula between tonsillar area, cleft in lateral neck

41
Q

4th-6th arches

A

cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform

4th = most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini

6th = intrinsic muscles o larynx except cricothyroid

42
Q

4th-6th arches nerve

A

4 = CN X superior laryngeal branch (swallow)

6 = CN X recurrent laryngeal branch (speak)

43
Q

1st branchial pouch

A

middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells, endoderm structures of ear

44
Q

2nd branchial pouch

A

epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

45
Q

3rd branchial pouch

A

dorsal wings - inferior parathyroids

ventral wings - thymus

46
Q

4th branchial pouch

A

dorsal wings - superior parathyroids

47
Q

mesoderm

A

connective tissue, muscles, bones and cartilage, serosa, CV system, blood, lymphatics, spleen, internal genitalia, kidneys, ureters, adrenal cortex

48
Q

endoderm

A

GI tract, liver, pancreas, lungs, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells, middle ear, bladder, urethra

Step 1 (16 decks)

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