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III - review > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Deep midline gash that becomes the oral cavity

A

Stomodeum

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2
Q

Bilateral growth of embryonic tissue in the ventro-lateral region of the head
- 5 pairs of pharyngeal arches form in cranial to caudal sequence

A

Pharyngeal Apparatus

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3
Q

Pharyngeal arches are separated by ___________ on the outside

A

pharyngeal grooves/clefts

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4
Q

Direction of formation of pharyngeal arches

A

cranial to caudal

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5
Q

Pharyngeal arch formation is primarily driven by __________________

A

the migration and proliferation of neural crest

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6
Q

The two sub-prominences of the first pharyngeal arch

A

maxillary and mandibular prominence

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7
Q

Most of the pharyngeal clefts close/smooth over in order to provide a smooth neckline; however, the first pharyngeal cleft becomes the ___________

A

external auditory meatus

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8
Q

The oralpharyngeal membrane is ____________ to the stomodeum

A

posterior

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9
Q

The external auditory meatus is left over from which pharyngeal cleft?

A

first pharyngeal cleft

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10
Q

Are the pharyngeal clefts numbered according to the arches above or below them

A

above

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11
Q

Around week _________ the oralpharyngeal membrane perforates to allow for the tongue and other structures to develop into the primitive oral cavity

A

3 to 4

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12
Q

The pharyngeal arches mainly arise from proliferating / migrating neural crest cells.
How many distinct streaks migrate and in which direction do the travel?

A

5 streaks

Migrating ventrally

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13
Q

Pharyngeal arch outside covering?

A

Ectoderm

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14
Q

Pharyngeal arch inside lining

A

Endoderm

- Note: arch 1 is covered mostly by ectoderm on the inside -> oral ectoderm

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15
Q

Core of each arch - composition

A

mesenchyme

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16
Q

The core of pharyngeal arch is mesenchyme. What makes up the major component of the mesenchyme

A

neural crest

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17
Q

Neural crest cells make up the majority of the mesenchyme of the core of the pharyngeal arch - what structures do these neural crest cell give rise to?

A

Cartilage and Bone

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18
Q

In addition to neural crest cells, what else comprises the core of pharyngeal arches?

A

Mesoderm (paraxial) –> skeletal muscles
Nerve (V, VII, IX, X)
Blood vessel

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19
Q

Skeletal muscle of the face comes from?

A

Paraxial plate mesoderm

mesoderm balls up into somites which differentiate into myotomes - myotomes then migrate to provide skeletal muscle :

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20
Q

The first arch is subdivided into the ___________ prominence cranially, and into the __________ prominence caudally

A

cranially - maxillary

caudally - mandibular

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21
Q

First arch

Cranial Nerve ____

A

V

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22
Q

First arch - maxillary prominence

Cranial Nerve ___

A

V2 (maxillary)

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23
Q

First arch - mandibular prominence

Cranial Nerve ___

A

V3 (mandibular)

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24
Q

The maxillary nerve is associated with which pharyngeal arch

A

1

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25
Q

The mandibular nerve is associated with which pharyngeal arch

A

1

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26
Q

The facial nerve is associated with which pharyngeal arch

A

2

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27
Q

The vagus nerve is associated with which pharyngeal arch

A

4/6

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28
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve is associated with which pharyngeal arch?

A

3

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29
Q

Do pharyngeal arches receive a common blood vessel supply?

A

No… each pharyngeal arch has its own blood vessel supply

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30
Q

All of the myotomes of 1st pharyngeal arch - mandibular prominence have ________ nerve innervation

A

mandibular (V3)

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31
Q

All of the myotomes of 1st pharyngeal arch - maxillary prominence have ________ nerve innervation

A

maxillary (V2)

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32
Q

All of the myotomes of the 3rd pharyngeal arch have _______ nerve innervation

A

glossopharyngeal

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33
Q

All of the myotomes of the 4/6 pharyngeal arch have _________ nerve innervation

A

vagus

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34
Q

All of the myotomes of the 2nd pharyngeal arch have ________ nerve innervation

A

facial

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35
Q

Mesenchyme (embryonic CT) can come from ectoderm, endoderm, neural crest…
In the pharyngeal arches, which germ layer comprises the mesenchyme

A

neural crest

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36
Q

We retain the first pharyngeal membrane as __________

A

the tympanic membrane

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37
Q

Separates pharyngeal arches from the outside

A

pharyngeal groove / cleft

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38
Q

Pharyngeal groove / cleft is lined by?

A

ectoderm

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39
Q

Separates pharyngeal arches from the inside

A

pharyngeal pouch

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40
Q

pharyngeal pouches are lined by

A

endoderm

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41
Q

Where ectoderm and endoderm come together at pharyngeal cleft/grooves

A

pharyngeal membrane

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42
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1

  • -> Neural crest derivatives
  • —-> Maxillary Prominence
A

Maxillary bone

Zygomatic and squamous portions of temporal bone

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43
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1

  • -> Neural crest derivatives
  • —-> Mandibular Prominence
A 
Meckel's cartilage (embyro)
Mandible
Malleus
Incus
Anterior ligament of Malleus
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44
Q

Pharyngeal arch 2

–> Neural crest derivatives

A 
Reichert Cartilage (embryo)
Lesser cornu of hyoid (superior hyoid)
Stylohyoid ligament
Styloid process
Stapes
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45
Q

Pharyngeal arch 2 is associated with which cranial nerve?

A

Facial (VII)

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46
Q

Pharyngeal arch 3

–> Neural crest derivatives

A

Body of hyoid
Greater Cornu of Hyoid
(Collectively inferior hyoid)

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47
Q

Pharyngeal arch 4/6

A

Thyroid and Cricoid cartilage of larynx (laryngeal cartilages)

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48
Q

Arches develop from _______ to _________ direction

A

cranial to caudal

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49
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1

–> mesoderm derivatives

A 
Muscles of mastication:
- temporalis
- masseter
- medial pterygoid
- lateral pterygoid
mylohyoid
ant. belly digastric 
tensor tympani
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50
Q

Innervation of first pharyngeal arch (cranial nerve)?

A

trigeminal

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51
Q

Pharyngeal arch 2

–> mesoderm derivatives

A

muscles of facial expression
stylohyoid
posterior belly digastric

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52
Q

Innervation of the second pharyngeal arch? (CN)

A

Facial (VII)

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53
Q

Pharyngeal arch 3

–> mesoderm derivatives

A

stylopharyngeus

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54
Q

Innervation of third pharyngeal arch? (CN)

A

glossopharyngeal

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55
Q

Pharyngeal arch 4&6

–> mesoderm derivatives

A

pharyngeal constrictors
soft palate muscles
laryngeal muscles

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56
Q

Innervation of 4/6 pharyngeal arch? (CN)

A

vagus

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57
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1

Motor Innervation

A

Muscles of mastication
ant bell of digastric
tensor tympani

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58
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1

Sensory innervation

A

somatosensation

  • face
  • teeth
  • anterior 2/3 tongue
  • palate
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59
Q

Which pharyngeal arch provides taste sensation to anterior 2/3 tongue?

A

Pharyngeal arch 2

facial

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60
Q

Does pharyngeal arch 2 contribute sensation to tongue?

A

ONLY special sensory (taste)
NOT somatosensory
(Pharyngeal arch 1 and 3 are responsible for ant 2/3 and post 1/3 of tongue’s somatosensation, respectively)

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61
Q

Pharyngeal arch 2

Motor innervation

A

Muscles of facial expression
Posterior belly digastric
stylohyoid

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62
Q

Pharyngeal arch 2

Sensory innervation

A 
special sensory (taste) for anterior 2/3 tongue
NO somatosensory
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63
Q

Pharyngeal arch 3

Motor innervation

A

stylopharyngeus

64
Q

Pharyngeal arch 3

Sensory innervation

A

Somatosensory and special sensory (taste)

posterior 1/3 tongue

65
Q

Pharyngeal arch 4/6

Motor innervation

A

Pharyngeal and Laryngeal muscles

exceptions: tensor veli palatini - 1 and stylopharyngeus -3

66
Q

Review: what gives rise to vertebrae?

A

sclerotomes from paraxial lateral plate mesoderm

67
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1 - endoderm derivatives

The first pharyngeal pouch dilates outward to form the ___________ which will give rise to the _____(3)______

A

tubotympanic recess

Tympanic cavity (middle ear) / Mastoid antrum / Eustachian tube

68
Q

Fate of first pharyngeal groove/cleft

A

External auditory meatus

69
Q

Fate of first pharyngeal membrane

A

tympanic membrane

70
Q

Germ cell layer - squamous portion of temporal bone?

A

Neural crest

71
Q

Structural origin - squamous portion of temporal bone?

A

first pharyngeal arch - maxillary prominence

72
Q

Structural origin - stapes?

A

2nd (neural crest)

73
Q

Structural origin - masseter?

A

1st arch (paraxial mesoderm)

74
Q

Structural origin - orbicularis oculi?

A

2nd arch (paraxial mesoderm)

75
Q

Structural origin - stapedius

A

2nd arch (paraxial mesoderm)

76
Q

Structural origin - posterior belly digastric

A

2nd arch (paraxial mesoderm)

77
Q

Structural origin - anterior belly digastric

A

1st arch (paraxial mesoderm)

78
Q

The first pharyngeal arch is mainly covered by ectoderm inside, what is the first pharyngeal pouch covered by?

A

endoderm

79
Q

What gives rise to the eustachian tube and middle ear

A

tubotympanic recess from the first pharyngeal pouch

80
Q

what gives rise to the external auditory meatus

A

first pharyngeal groove/cleft

81
Q

what gives rise to the tympanic membrane?

A

first pharyngeal membrane

82
Q

Pharyngeal pouch 2 - endoderm derivative

A

palatine tonsil

83
Q

pharyngeal pouch 3 - endoderm derivatives

A

ventral bud -> thymus

dorsal bud -> inferior parathyroid glands

84
Q

pharyngeal pouch 3 forms two diverticula, ventral and dorsal; in which direction does the ventral diverticula migrate?

A

descends down the neckline to infront of the mediastinum - gives rise to thymus

85
Q

pharyngeal pouch 4/6 - endoderm derivatives

A

ventral bud - ultimopharyngeal body (parafollicular cells in thyroid that -> calcitonin)
dorsal bud - superior parathyroid

86
Q

How does the superior parathyroid gland (dorsal bud 4/6) end up above inferior parathyroid gland (dorsal bud 3)

A

The developing/migrating thymus (ventral bud 3) drags the developing inferior parathyroid gland (dorsal bud 3) down with it

87
Q

palatine tonsil - derivation?

A

2nd bud

88
Q

ultimopharyngeal body (thyroid parafollicular cells) - derivation

A

4th ventral bud

89
Q

inferior parathyroid gland -derivation

A

3rd dorsal bud

90
Q

superior parathyroid gland - derivation

A

4th dorsal bud

91
Q

thymus - derivation

A

3rd ventral bud

92
Q

Pharyngeal groove/cleft transformation
Pharyngeal groove 2-4 coalesce into _____________ as arch 2 and 4 expand and fold towards each other; once the folds fuse, renamed to _________

A

cervical sinus

cervical vesicle

93
Q

The cervical vesical - which arose from the fusion of expanding arches 2 and 4 - should eventually degenerate. What is the clinical consequence if it does not?

A

Cervical (branchial) cyst

94
Q

Cervical cysts present in what location?

A

anywhere along anterior border of SCM

95
Q

Cervical cyst = persistent ________

A

cervical vesicle

96
Q

persistent cervical sinus =

A

cervical sinus

97
Q

Clinical

Cervical sinuses open to?

A

either outside environment pharyngeal space (rare)

98
Q

Continuous duct between pharynx and neck surface

A

cervical fistula

99
Q

What is the difference between cervical sinus and cervical fistula

A

Cervical fistula is a continuous connection between pharynx and neck - so you can have fluid draining from pharynx to external neck
Cervical sinus does not extend from pharynx to neck - the duct ends in a cleft/pouch

100
Q

Thyroid gland development
- Endoderm between pharyngeal arches ___ and ___ form a thyroid primordium in the midline and invaginate __(direction)_____

A

1 & 2

caudally

101
Q

As the thyroid gland grows caudally, it is still open to the pharynx vial the _____________

A

thyroglossal duct

102
Q

The thyroglossal duct opens into the pharyngeal space at the ___________

A

foramen cecum

103
Q

Do adults have thyroglossal ducts?

A

No - it degenerates (wk12) so that there is no longer communication between thyroid and oropharyngeal space

104
Q

Do adults have foramen cecum?

A

Yes - indentation between anterior and posterior tongue

105
Q

The foramen cecum (remnant) is a reminder that the thyroid developed from the developing _____________

A

tongue (ectoderm)

106
Q

The thyroglossal duct should degenerate. However, what is the clinical consequence if it does not?

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

107
Q

Thyroglossal duct cyst is most common at what level?

What kind of tissue could it contain?

A
  • Level of the hyoid bone (anterior)

- Could contain ectopic thyroid tissue

108
Q

How can we differentiate thyroglossal duct cysts from cervical cysts?

A

Thyroglossal duct cysts occur along the anterior neck line

Cervical cysts occur along the lateral border of the neck

109
Q

Anterior 2/3 tongue - origin?

A

1st pharyngeal arch

Ectodermal lining

110
Q

Posterior 1/3 tongue - origin?

A

3rd and 4th arches
(hypopharyngeal eminence)
Endoderm

111
Q

Development of tongue

2nd arch gives rise to?

A

Copula
(A swelling formed during the early development of the tongue by the medial portions of the second pharyngeal arches; it is overgrown by the hypopharyngeal eminence and is not present in the adult tongue.)

112
Q

In the embryo, a small elevation in the floor of the mouth (from 1st arch); it is overgrown by the lateral lingual swellings and forms a small unrecognizable part of the posterior region of the anterior two thirds of the tongue.

A

Tuberculum impar

113
Q

Line of fusion between two lingual swellings

A

median sulcus

114
Q

line of fusion between arch 1 and hypopharyngeal eminence (3+4)

A

terminal sulcus

115
Q

a median pit on the dorsum of the posterior part of the tongue, from which the limbs of a V-shaped furrow run forward and outward; it is the site of origin of the thyroglossal duct and subsequently, the thyroid gland.

A

foramen cecum

116
Q

Skeletal muscles of the tongue derive from ______________ somites

A

occipital

paraxial mesoderm myotomes

117
Q

Occipital somites migrate into tongue after ______ week

A

5th

118
Q

Innervation of the tongue

- anterior 2/3 somatosensory

A

V2 (mandibular)

Recall - 1st pharyngeal arch covered by ectoderm of 1st arch

119
Q

Innervation of tongue

- anterior 2/3 taste

A

facial (VII)

120
Q

Innervation of tongue

- posterior 1/3 somatosensory

A

IX and X

mainly glossopharyngeal but small amont of vagus near epiglottis

121
Q

Innervation of tongue

- posterior 1/3 taste

A

IX (glossopharyngeal)

122
Q

Innervation of tongue

- Muscle

A

XII (hypoglossal)

123
Q

Papillae and taste buds develop around week _

A

8

124
Q

4 types of papillae

A

filiform
fungiform
folliate
circumvallate

125
Q

While papillae does not have taste buds?

A

filiform

126
Q

Taste buds transmit taste to CNS via which cranial nerves

A

VII (facial)

IX (glossopharyngeal)

127
Q

Do taste buds function in utero?

A

yes

128
Q

Face begins as five facial primordia around stomodeum 1
2x
2x

A

1x frontonasal prominence
2x maxillary prominences
2x mandibular prominences

129
Q

Nasal placodes form on __________ prominence(s)?

A

frontonasal prominence

130
Q

The mesenchyme around nasal placodes proliferates, creating elevations around placodes. In effect, the nasal placodes “sink in” to become ____________, then dilate to become_____________

A

nasal pits

nasal sacs

131
Q

elevated regions around nasal pits

A

nasal prominences

132
Q

Nasal prominences’

plane of division

A

medial / lateral

133
Q

What pushes nasal prominences toward midline?

A

developing maxillary prominences

134
Q

Time frame of medial nasal prominence fusion

A

WK 6-10

135
Q

Medial nasal prominence gives rise to (2)

A 
bridge of nose
intermaxillary segment (philtrum, upper jaw with 4 incisors, primary palate)
136
Q

Maxillary prominences fuse with intermaxillary segment to yield:
Ventrally (1)
Dorsally (1)

A

Ventrally: smooth upper lip
Dorsally: fusion of primary and secondary palate

137
Q

lateral nasal prominences give rise to ______________

A

alae of nose

138
Q

Lateral nasal prominences fuse with the maxillary prominence. At the site of fusion, the ectoderm thickens into a cord, then “sinks” into underlying mesenchyme - which canalizes to become the _______________

A

nasolacrimal duct

139
Q

Development of nasal cavity:
____________ fuse at the midline, forming a single nasal cavity separated from the oral cavity by a thin __________ membrane

A

nasal sacs

oronasal

140
Q

Rupture of the ___________, dorsal to the primary palate, results in the oral and nasal cavity becoming continuous.
Note: formation of a secondary palate separates nasal and oral cavity

A

oronasal membrane

141
Q

Differentiated and specialized cranial ectoderm in the nasal cavity =

A

olfactory epithelium

142
Q

_________ separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity, preventing aspiration of food

A

palate

143
Q

soft palate termination =

A

uvula

144
Q

The primary palate (embryonic division) derives from…

A

intermaxillary segment (fused medial nasal prominences)

145
Q

The primary palate (embryonic division) gives rise to

A

anterior, triangular portion of hard palate

146
Q

The secondary palate (embryonic division) derives from…

A

fusion of palatine shelves that grow from the maxillary prominences

147
Q

The secondary palate (embryonic division) gives rise to…

A

majority of hard palate and all of soft palate

148
Q

Development of secondary palate:

palatine shelves form from ____________ internally

A

maxillary prominences

149
Q

Palatine processes grow in which direction on either side of the developing tongue

A

caudally

150
Q 
Development of secondary palate:
Week 9 - the growth of mandible drops tongue, allowing palatine shelves to swing up and fuse with 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the midline 
and
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ anteriorly
A

each other in the midline

primary palate anteriorly

151
Q

Pierre Robin Syndrome

Defects in which embryonic germ layer and structures

A

First pharyngeal arch - neural crest
Mandibular prominence
Hypoplastic mandible

152
Q

Treacher Collins Syndrome

Defects in which embryonic germ layer and structures

A

First pharyngeal arch - neural crest
Mandibular and maxillary prominences
Hypoplastic zygoma, malformed pinna and ossicles…

153
Q

Failure of fusion

Lateral nasal prominence with maxillary prominence –>

A

Oblique cleft

154
Q

Failure of fusion

Palatine shelves

A

cleft palate

155
Q

Failure of fusion

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary prominence

A

cleft lip

III - review (9 decks)

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