cranial nerves Flashcards
Between the olfactory bulb and the mucus layer of the olfactory epithelium, the olfactory nerve (CNI) passes through the _______________
cribriform plate
The olfactory nerve axons project from the olfactory mucosa to the _______________
olfactory bulb
The ____________ extends from the olfactory bulb to send axons to multiple corticle regions, including the medial temporal lobe
olfactory tract
The olfactory tract sends axons to_______
multiple cortical regions including medial temporal lobe
From the retina, the optic nerve traverses the ______________ to reach the sulcus chiasmatis
optic canal
From the optic chiasm, the ___________ continues on to reach the lateral geniculate body and the midbrain nuclei
optic tract
The _________ retina sends axons to the ipsilateral side of the brain
temporal
The ___________ retina sends axons to the contralateral side of the brain
nasal
The anatomical site where axons arising from the nasal (medial) half of the retina cross the midline to the contralateral optic tract
optic chiasm
carries visual sensory information from the neural retina to the diencephalon and midbrain
optic nerve (cnII)
Superior ramus of oculomotor nerve - motor innervation
superior rectus
levator palpebrae superioris
inferior ramus of oculomotor nerve - motor innervation
medial rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique
innervates superior rectus
oculomotor nerve (superior ramus)
innervates levator palebrae superioris
oculomotor nerve (superior ramus)
innervates medial rectus
oculomotor nerve (inferior ramus)
innervates inferior rectus
oculomotor nerve (inferior ramus)
innervates inferior oblique
oculomotor nerve (inferior ramus)
Oculomotor nerve motor cell body location?
oculomotor nucleus (in midbrain)
Oculomotor nerve PreGang PS cell body location?
Edinger-Westphal nucleus (in midbrain)
To reach the orbit, what structure must the oculomotor nerve pass through?
The superior orbital fissure
Does the oculomotor nerve have sensory function?
Yes… it receives sensory communication from the opthalmic nerve at the superior orbital fissure
Which nerve contributes sensory function to the oculomotor nerve and where?
The ophthalmic nerve at the SOF
Does the oculomotor nerve have sympathetic function?
Yes… it receives postganglionic sympathetic communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus
What contributes Post Ganglionic Sympathetic innervation to the oculomotor nerve and where?
Internal carotid plexus @ cavernous sinus
The oculomotor nerve contributes pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons to the _________
ciliary ganglion
The pre-ganglionic PS axons of the oculomotor nerve travels in which ramus
inferior
Once the pre-ganglionic PS axons of the oculomotor nerve synapse at the ciliary ganglion, what happens with post-ganglionic PS innervation?
Post ganglionic PS axons travel with the short ciliary nerve (V-ophthalmic) and innervate the ciliary body and constrictor muscle of the eye
The short ciliary nerve (from ciliary ganglion) is a branch of which nerve?
V-ophthalmic
Olfactory nerve function from origin?
special sensory (olfaction)
Optic nerve function from origin?
special sensory (vision)
oculomotor nerve function (at its origin from the brainstem)
preganglionic parasympathetic (Edinger-Westphal Nucleus) Motor (Oculomotor nucleus)
oculomotor nerve function (as it enters orbit from SOF)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG at cavernous sinus)
preganglionic parasympthatic (EWN - midbrain)
motor (ON - midbrain)
sensory (opthalmic @ SOF)
Oculomotor nerve function (superior ramus)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - CS)
sensory (ophthalmic -SOF)
motor (ON - midbrain)
Oculomotor nerve function (inferior ramus)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - CS)
sensory (ophthalmic - SOF)
preganglionic parasympthatic (EWN - midbrain)
motor (ON- midbrain)
The short ciliary nerve (carries post-ganglionic PS axons from ciliary ganglion) innervates (2)
pupillary constrictor
ciliary smooth muscle (accomodation reflex)
From the midbrain, the trochlear nerve contributes axons with what function(s)?
Motor (trochlear nucleus)
During its journey to reach the superior oblique muscle, the trochlear nerve has (or acquires) which functions?
Motor (trochlear nucleus - midbrain)
Post-ganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
Sensory (ophthalmic - superior orbital fissure)
What does the trochlear innervate?
superior oblique muscle
What innervates the superior oblique muscle
trochlear nerve
Trochlear nerve function (at its origin - from brainstem)
motor (skeletal muscle) - (trochlear nucleus - midbrain)
Trochlear nerve function (as it enters the orbit from the SOF)
motor - (trochlear nucleus - midbrain)
sensory (opthalmic - SOF)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
Trigeminal nerve (subdivisions -3)
ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
The lacrimal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?
ophthalmic (V1)
At what point does the lacrimal branch from the ophthalmic nerve?
SOF
The lacrimal nerve (V1) has which functions (as it enters the lacrimal gland)?
Sensory (trigeminal ganglion - to pons) Postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus) Postganglionic parasympathetic (from pterygopalatine ganglion via zygomatic nerve)
The lacrimal nerve provides sensory innervation to…
the skin overlying the lateral upper lid
the forehead
the lacrimal gland (maybe? double check that it’s not just post PS)
The lacrimal nerve provides postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to…
the lacrimal gland
The frontal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?
ophthalmic (V1)
The frontal nerve gives rise to (2)
supraorbital nerve
supratrochlear nerve
The frontal nerve branches from the ophthalmic at what landmark?
Superior orbital fissure
The supraorbital nerve is a direct branch of which nerve?
frontal nerve (ophthalmic)
The supratrochlear nerve is a direct branch of which nerve
frontal nerve (ophthalmic)
The supraorbital nerve passes through which anatomical landmark?
the supraorbital foramen
supraorbital nerve - functions?
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - to pons) postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
supraorbital nerve - innervation
sensory and post-sym
skin overlying forehead and mucosa of frontal sinus
supratrochlear nerve - functions?
sensory (trigmenial ganglion - to pons) postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
supratrochlear nerve - innervation
sensory and postganglionic sympathetic
skin overlying the medial aspect of the forehead
The nasociliary nerve is a direct branch of which nerve?
ophthalmic
At what point does the nasociliary nerve branch from ophthalmic
superior orbital fissure
What branches offshoot from the nasociliary nerve?
short ciliary nerve long ciliary nerve posterior ethmoidal nerve anterior ethmoidal nerve (--> enn / inn) infratrochlear nerve
The posterior ethmoidal nerve is a direct branch of?
nasociliary nerve (ophthalmic)
through which anatomical structure does the posterior ethmoidal nerve travel?
posterior ethmoidal foramen
posterior ethmoidal nerve - functions?
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons) postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
posterior ethmoidal nerve - innervations?
sensory and postganglionic sympathetic innervation:
- - mucosa of superior nasal cavity
The anterior ethmoidal nerve is a direct branch of?
nasociliary nerve (ophthalmic)
through which anatomical structure does the anterior ethmoidal nerve travel?
anterior ethmoidal foramen
anterior ethmoidal nerve - functions
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons) postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
anterior ethmoidal nerve - innervations
sensory and postganglionic sympathetic innervation
- mucosa of frontal and ethmoidal sinus
- mucosa of superior aspect of nasal cavity
- skin overlying the nose
The anterior ethmoidal nerve gives rise to which nerves?
external nasal nerve
internal nasal nerve
Before splitting into the external nasal nerve and internal nasal nerve, the anterior ethmoidal nerve traverses which structure?
cribriform plate
The external nasal nerve is a branch of
the anterior ethmoidal nerve (–> nasociliary nerve –> ophthalmic nerve)
External nasal nerve - functions + innervations
sensory and post-ganglionic sympathetic innervation
- skin overlying nose
The internal nasal nerve is a branch of
the anterior ethmoidal nerve (–>nasociliary –> ophthalmic)
Internal nasal nerve - functions and innervations
sensory and post-ganglionic sympathetic innervation
- mucosa / nasal cavity
The infratrochlear nerve is a direct branch / continuation of which nerve?
Nasociliary nerve (ophthalmic)
Infratrochlear nerve - functions
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons) postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
Infratrochlear nerve - innervations
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- skin overlying bridge of nose
long ciliary nerve is a branch of …
nasociliary (ophthalmic)
Long ciliary nerve - functions
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons) postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
Long ciliary nerve - innervations
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic innervation:
- eye (cornea)
post ganglionic sympathetic
- dilator muscle of the iris
Which nerve provides postganglionic sympathetic innervation to the dilator muscle of the iris?
long ciliary nerve
The short ciliary nerve is a direct branch of which nerve?
nasociliary nerve
Short ciliary nerve - functions
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons) postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus) postganglionic parasympathetic (ciliary ganglion)
Short ciliary nerve innervations
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- eye
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- dilator (sympathetic) muscle of iris
- constrictor (parasympathetic) muscle of iris
The short ciliary nerve contains postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ciliary ganglion…BUT who delivered the pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons to the ciliary ganglion?
Oculomotor nerve :)
The maxillary nerve is a division of which cranial nerve
trigeminal (V)
The ophthalmic nerve exits the cranium through which anatomical structure
Superior orbital fissure
The maxillary nerve exits the cranium through which anatomical structure
foramen rotundum
What are the primary branches (groupings) off of the maxillary nerve? (4)
Pterygopalatine nerves (emerge from pterygopalatine ganglion)
zygomatic nerve
posterior superior alveolar nerve
infraorbital nerve
Pterygopalatine branches (direct) of maxillary nerve (5)
pharyngeal lesser palatine greater palatine medial posterior superior nasal (including nasopalatine) lateral posterior superior nasal
The pharyngeal nerve is a branch of ?
maxillary nerve
The pharyngeal nerve traverses what anatomical landmark
palatovaginal canal
Pharyngeal nerve - functions
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons) postganglionic sympathetic (nerve of the pterygoid canal) postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
Pharyngeal nerve - innervations
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- mucosa of nasal pharynx and auditory tube
Pharyngeal nerve - receives its postganglionic parasympathetic from …
pterygopalatine ganglion
Pharygneal nerve - receives its postganglionic sympathetic from …
nerve of the pterygoid canal (can trace back to superior cervical ganglion)
The lesser palatine nerve traverses which anatomical landmark?
The lesser palatine foramen
The lesser palatine nerve is a branch of…
maxillary nerve
The lesser palatine nerve - functions
sensory
special sensory - taste (greater petrosal)
postganglionic sympathetic (nerve of pterygoid canal)
postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
Lesser palatine nerve - innervation
mucosa of soft palate (oral anterior and pharyngeal posterior)
Greater palatine nerve is a branch of
maxillary nerve
Greater palatine nerve - functions
sensory
special sensory - taste (greater petrosal)
postganglionic sympathetic (nerve of pterygoid canal)
postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
Greater palatine nerve - innervation
mucosa of nasal cavity (inf concha)
hard palate and associated gingiva
Greater palatine nerve traverses which anatomical landmark
greater palatine foramen
The lateral posterior superior nasal nerve traverses which anatomical landmark
sphenopalatine foramen
lateral posterior superior nasal nerve - function
sensory postganglionic sympathetic (nerve of pterygoid canal) postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
lateral posterior superior nasal nerve - innervation
mucosa of lateral wall of nasal cavity
Medial (septal) posterior nasal nerve - passes through what structure after departing the pterygopalatine ganglion?
The sphenopalatine foramen
The medial posterior superior nasal nerve is a branch of which nerve?
maxillary (ophthalmic)
The medial posterior superior nasal nerve gives rise to which nerve?
nasopalatine
The nasopalatine nerve traverses which anatomical landmark?
incisive fossa
the nasopalatine nerve is a branch of…
medial posterior superior nasal nerve (maxillary - ophthalmic)
Medial (septal) posterior superior nasal nerve - function
sensory postganglionic sympathetic (nerve of pterygoid canal) postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
Medial (septal) posterior superior nasal nerve - innervation
mucosa of the nasal septum
nasopalatine nerve - function
sensory postganglionic sympathetic (nerve of pterygoid canal) postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
nasopalatine nerve - innervation
mucosa of the hard palate and associated gingiva
The zygomatic nerve is a branch of …
maxillary nerve (ophthalmic)
After the maxillary nerve exits the cranium through the foramen rotundum, the zygomatic nerve branches off through which anatomical landmark
inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic nerve - function
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons) postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus / SCG) Postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
Zygomatic nerve - innervation
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- skin overlying zygomatic arch
postganglionic parasympathetic
- lacrimal gland (communicates with lacrimal nerve)
The zygomatic nerve provides postganglionic parasympathetic axons to which nerve?
lacrimal nerve (for innervation of the lacrimal gland)
The posterior superior alveolar nerve is a branch of what nerve?
maxillary (ophthalmic)
The posterior superior alveolar nerve traverses what anatomical landmark?
pterygomaxillary fissure
The posterior superior alveolar nerve - function
sensory postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus / SCG) postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
Posterior superior alveolar nerve - innervation
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- upper molars
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- mucosa of maxillary sinus and buccal gingiva
Infraorbital nerve - starting point?
Just after the PSAN branches, the infraorbital nerve begins, traversing the infraorbital groove/canal
The infraorbital nerve gives rise to two other nerves…
middle superior alveolar
anterior superior alveolar
(both depart prior to the ION traversing the infraorbital foramen)
The infraorbital nerve traverses the infraorbital groove and then moves through which anatomical landmark?
infraorbital foramen
The infraorbital nerve - function
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons) postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus / SCG) postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
Infraorbital nerve - innervation
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- skin of the upper lip, cheek, lateral nose, lower lid
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- mucosa of upper lip, labial gingiva, maxillary sinus
Middle superior alveolar nerve - branch of?
infraorbital nerve (maxillary)
Middle superior alveolar nerve - function?
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons) postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus / SCG) postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
Middles superior alveolar nerve - innervation?
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- upper premolars
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- maxillary sinus
Anterior superior alveolar nerve - branch of?
infraorbital nerve (maxillary)
Anterior superior alveolar nerve - function?
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons) postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus / SCG) postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
Anterior superior alveolar nerve - innervation?
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- upper canines and incisors
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- maxillary sinus
The mandibular nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?
trigeminal (CNV)
Mandibular nerve - primary muscular branches (4)
medial pterygoid nerve deep temporal nerve masseteric nerive lateral pterygoid nerve (*note* nerve to mylohyoid is secondary off of inferior alveolar nerve)
Mandibular nerve - primary sensory branches (5)
meningeal
buccal branch (long buccal n) auriculotemporal (+ postG PS) lingual inferior alveolar (*note* mental nerve is secondary off of inferior alveolar)
The mental nerve is a branch of which nerve?
Inferior alveolar (mandibular)
The nerve to mylohyoid us a branch of which nerve?
Inferior alveolar (mandibular)
The meningeal nerve is a branch of which nerve?
mandibular nerve
The mandibular nerve exits the cranium through which anatomical landmark?
foramen ovale
The meningeal nerve traverses which anatomical landmark?
foramen spinosum