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III - review > cranial nerves > Flashcards

cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Between the olfactory bulb and the mucus layer of the olfactory epithelium, the olfactory nerve (CNI) passes through the _______________

A

cribriform plate

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2
Q

The olfactory nerve axons project from the olfactory mucosa to the _______________

A

olfactory bulb

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3
Q

The ____________ extends from the olfactory bulb to send axons to multiple corticle regions, including the medial temporal lobe

A

olfactory tract

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4
Q

The olfactory tract sends axons to_______

A

multiple cortical regions including medial temporal lobe

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5
Q

From the retina, the optic nerve traverses the ______________ to reach the sulcus chiasmatis

A

optic canal

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6
Q

From the optic chiasm, the ___________ continues on to reach the lateral geniculate body and the midbrain nuclei

A

optic tract

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7
Q

The _________ retina sends axons to the ipsilateral side of the brain

A

temporal

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8
Q

The ___________ retina sends axons to the contralateral side of the brain

A

nasal

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9
Q

The anatomical site where axons arising from the nasal (medial) half of the retina cross the midline to the contralateral optic tract

A

optic chiasm

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10
Q

carries visual sensory information from the neural retina to the diencephalon and midbrain

A

optic nerve (cnII)

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11
Q

Superior ramus of oculomotor nerve - motor innervation

A

superior rectus

levator palpebrae superioris

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12
Q

inferior ramus of oculomotor nerve - motor innervation

A

medial rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique

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13
Q

innervates superior rectus

A

oculomotor nerve (superior ramus)

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14
Q

innervates levator palebrae superioris

A

oculomotor nerve (superior ramus)

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15
Q

innervates medial rectus

A

oculomotor nerve (inferior ramus)

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16
Q

innervates inferior rectus

A

oculomotor nerve (inferior ramus)

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17
Q

innervates inferior oblique

A

oculomotor nerve (inferior ramus)

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18
Q

Oculomotor nerve motor cell body location?

A

oculomotor nucleus (in midbrain)

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19
Q

Oculomotor nerve PreGang PS cell body location?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus (in midbrain)

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20
Q

To reach the orbit, what structure must the oculomotor nerve pass through?

A

The superior orbital fissure

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21
Q

Does the oculomotor nerve have sensory function?

A

Yes… it receives sensory communication from the opthalmic nerve at the superior orbital fissure

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22
Q

Which nerve contributes sensory function to the oculomotor nerve and where?

A

The ophthalmic nerve at the SOF

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23
Q

Does the oculomotor nerve have sympathetic function?

A

Yes… it receives postganglionic sympathetic communication from the internal carotid plexus in the cavernous sinus

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24
Q

What contributes Post Ganglionic Sympathetic innervation to the oculomotor nerve and where?

A

Internal carotid plexus @ cavernous sinus

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25
Q

The oculomotor nerve contributes pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons to the _________

A

ciliary ganglion

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26
Q

The pre-ganglionic PS axons of the oculomotor nerve travels in which ramus

A

inferior

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27
Q

Once the pre-ganglionic PS axons of the oculomotor nerve synapse at the ciliary ganglion, what happens with post-ganglionic PS innervation?

A

Post ganglionic PS axons travel with the short ciliary nerve (V-ophthalmic) and innervate the ciliary body and constrictor muscle of the eye

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28
Q

The short ciliary nerve (from ciliary ganglion) is a branch of which nerve?

A

V-ophthalmic

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29
Q

Olfactory nerve function from origin?

A

special sensory (olfaction)

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30
Q

Optic nerve function from origin?

A

special sensory (vision)

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31
Q

oculomotor nerve function (at its origin from the brainstem)

A 
preganglionic parasympathetic (Edinger-Westphal Nucleus) 
Motor (Oculomotor nucleus)
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32
Q

oculomotor nerve function (as it enters orbit from SOF)

A

postganglionic sympathetic (SCG at cavernous sinus)
preganglionic parasympthatic (EWN - midbrain)
motor (ON - midbrain)
sensory (opthalmic @ SOF)

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33
Q

Oculomotor nerve function (superior ramus)

A

postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - CS)
sensory (ophthalmic -SOF)
motor (ON - midbrain)

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34
Q

Oculomotor nerve function (inferior ramus)

A

postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - CS)
sensory (ophthalmic - SOF)
preganglionic parasympthatic (EWN - midbrain)
motor (ON- midbrain)

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35
Q

The short ciliary nerve (carries post-ganglionic PS axons from ciliary ganglion) innervates (2)

A

pupillary constrictor

ciliary smooth muscle (accomodation reflex)

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36
Q

From the midbrain, the trochlear nerve contributes axons with what function(s)?

A

Motor (trochlear nucleus)

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37
Q

During its journey to reach the superior oblique muscle, the trochlear nerve has (or acquires) which functions?

A

Motor (trochlear nucleus - midbrain)
Post-ganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
Sensory (ophthalmic - superior orbital fissure)

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38
Q

What does the trochlear innervate?

A

superior oblique muscle

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39
Q

What innervates the superior oblique muscle

A

trochlear nerve

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40
Q

Trochlear nerve function (at its origin - from brainstem)

A

motor (skeletal muscle) - (trochlear nucleus - midbrain)

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41
Q

Trochlear nerve function (as it enters the orbit from the SOF)

A

motor - (trochlear nucleus - midbrain)
sensory (opthalmic - SOF)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)

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42
Q

Trigeminal nerve (subdivisions -3)

A

ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

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43
Q

The lacrimal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?

A

ophthalmic (V1)

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44
Q

At what point does the lacrimal branch from the ophthalmic nerve?

A

SOF

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45
Q

The lacrimal nerve (V1) has which functions (as it enters the lacrimal gland)?

A 
Sensory (trigeminal ganglion - to pons)
Postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
Postganglionic parasympathetic (from pterygopalatine ganglion via zygomatic nerve)
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46
Q

The lacrimal nerve provides sensory innervation to…

A

the skin overlying the lateral upper lid
the forehead
the lacrimal gland (maybe? double check that it’s not just post PS)

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47
Q

The lacrimal nerve provides postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to…

A

the lacrimal gland

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48
Q

The frontal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?

A

ophthalmic (V1)

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49
Q

The frontal nerve gives rise to (2)

A

supraorbital nerve

supratrochlear nerve

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50
Q

The frontal nerve branches from the ophthalmic at what landmark?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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51
Q

The supraorbital nerve is a direct branch of which nerve?

A

frontal nerve (ophthalmic)

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52
Q

The supratrochlear nerve is a direct branch of which nerve

A

frontal nerve (ophthalmic)

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53
Q

The supraorbital nerve passes through which anatomical landmark?

A

the supraorbital foramen

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54
Q

supraorbital nerve - functions?

A 
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - to pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
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55
Q

supraorbital nerve - innervation

A

sensory and post-sym

skin overlying forehead and mucosa of frontal sinus

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56
Q

supratrochlear nerve - functions?

A 
sensory (trigmenial ganglion - to pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
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57
Q

supratrochlear nerve - innervation

A

sensory and postganglionic sympathetic

skin overlying the medial aspect of the forehead

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58
Q

The nasociliary nerve is a direct branch of which nerve?

A

ophthalmic

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59
Q

At what point does the nasociliary nerve branch from ophthalmic

A

superior orbital fissure

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60
Q

What branches offshoot from the nasociliary nerve?

A 
short ciliary nerve
long ciliary nerve
posterior ethmoidal nerve
anterior ethmoidal nerve (--> enn / inn)
infratrochlear nerve
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61
Q

The posterior ethmoidal nerve is a direct branch of?

A

nasociliary nerve (ophthalmic)

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62
Q

through which anatomical structure does the posterior ethmoidal nerve travel?

A

posterior ethmoidal foramen

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63
Q

posterior ethmoidal nerve - functions?

A 
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
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64
Q

posterior ethmoidal nerve - innervations?

A

sensory and postganglionic sympathetic innervation:

- - mucosa of superior nasal cavity

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65
Q

The anterior ethmoidal nerve is a direct branch of?

A

nasociliary nerve (ophthalmic)

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66
Q

through which anatomical structure does the anterior ethmoidal nerve travel?

A

anterior ethmoidal foramen

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67
Q

anterior ethmoidal nerve - functions

A 
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
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68
Q

anterior ethmoidal nerve - innervations

A

sensory and postganglionic sympathetic innervation

  • mucosa of frontal and ethmoidal sinus
  • mucosa of superior aspect of nasal cavity
  • skin overlying the nose
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69
Q

The anterior ethmoidal nerve gives rise to which nerves?

A

external nasal nerve

internal nasal nerve

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70
Q

Before splitting into the external nasal nerve and internal nasal nerve, the anterior ethmoidal nerve traverses which structure?

A

cribriform plate

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71
Q

The external nasal nerve is a branch of

A

the anterior ethmoidal nerve (–> nasociliary nerve –> ophthalmic nerve)

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72
Q

External nasal nerve - functions + innervations

A

sensory and post-ganglionic sympathetic innervation

- skin overlying nose

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73
Q

The internal nasal nerve is a branch of

A

the anterior ethmoidal nerve (–>nasociliary –> ophthalmic)

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74
Q

Internal nasal nerve - functions and innervations

A

sensory and post-ganglionic sympathetic innervation

- mucosa / nasal cavity

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75
Q

The infratrochlear nerve is a direct branch / continuation of which nerve?

A

Nasociliary nerve (ophthalmic)

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76
Q

Infratrochlear nerve - functions

A 
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
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77
Q

Infratrochlear nerve - innervations

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic

- skin overlying bridge of nose

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78
Q

long ciliary nerve is a branch of …

A

nasociliary (ophthalmic)

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79
Q

Long ciliary nerve - functions

A 
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
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80
Q

Long ciliary nerve - innervations

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic innervation:
- eye (cornea)
post ganglionic sympathetic
- dilator muscle of the iris

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81
Q

Which nerve provides postganglionic sympathetic innervation to the dilator muscle of the iris?

A

long ciliary nerve

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82
Q

The short ciliary nerve is a direct branch of which nerve?

A

nasociliary nerve

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83
Q

Short ciliary nerve - functions

A 
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG - cavernous sinus)
postganglionic parasympathetic (ciliary ganglion)
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84
Q

Short ciliary nerve innervations

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- eye
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- dilator (sympathetic) muscle of iris
- constrictor (parasympathetic) muscle of iris

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85
Q

The short ciliary nerve contains postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ciliary ganglion…BUT who delivered the pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons to the ciliary ganglion?

A

Oculomotor nerve :)

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86
Q

The maxillary nerve is a division of which cranial nerve

A

trigeminal (V)

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87
Q

The ophthalmic nerve exits the cranium through which anatomical structure

A

Superior orbital fissure

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88
Q

The maxillary nerve exits the cranium through which anatomical structure

A

foramen rotundum

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89
Q

What are the primary branches (groupings) off of the maxillary nerve? (4)

A

Pterygopalatine nerves (emerge from pterygopalatine ganglion)
zygomatic nerve
posterior superior alveolar nerve
infraorbital nerve

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90
Q

Pterygopalatine branches (direct) of maxillary nerve (5)

A 
pharyngeal
lesser palatine
greater palatine
medial posterior superior nasal (including nasopalatine)
lateral posterior superior nasal
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91
Q

The pharyngeal nerve is a branch of ?

A

maxillary nerve

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92
Q

The pharyngeal nerve traverses what anatomical landmark

A

palatovaginal canal

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93
Q

Pharyngeal nerve - functions

A 
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (nerve of the pterygoid canal)
postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
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94
Q

Pharyngeal nerve - innervations

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- mucosa of nasal pharynx and auditory tube

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95
Q

Pharyngeal nerve - receives its postganglionic parasympathetic from …

A

pterygopalatine ganglion

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96
Q

Pharygneal nerve - receives its postganglionic sympathetic from …

A

nerve of the pterygoid canal (can trace back to superior cervical ganglion)

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97
Q

The lesser palatine nerve traverses which anatomical landmark?

A

The lesser palatine foramen

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98
Q

The lesser palatine nerve is a branch of…

A

maxillary nerve

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99
Q

The lesser palatine nerve - functions

A

sensory
special sensory - taste (greater petrosal)
postganglionic sympathetic (nerve of pterygoid canal)
postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)

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100
Q

Lesser palatine nerve - innervation

A

mucosa of soft palate (oral anterior and pharyngeal posterior)

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101
Q

Greater palatine nerve is a branch of

A

maxillary nerve

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102
Q

Greater palatine nerve - functions

A

sensory
special sensory - taste (greater petrosal)
postganglionic sympathetic (nerve of pterygoid canal)
postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)

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103
Q

Greater palatine nerve - innervation

A

mucosa of nasal cavity (inf concha)

hard palate and associated gingiva

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104
Q

Greater palatine nerve traverses which anatomical landmark

A

greater palatine foramen

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105
Q

The lateral posterior superior nasal nerve traverses which anatomical landmark

A

sphenopalatine foramen

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106
Q

lateral posterior superior nasal nerve - function

A 
sensory 
postganglionic sympathetic (nerve of pterygoid canal)
postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
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107
Q

lateral posterior superior nasal nerve - innervation

A

mucosa of lateral wall of nasal cavity

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108
Q

Medial (septal) posterior nasal nerve - passes through what structure after departing the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

The sphenopalatine foramen

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109
Q

The medial posterior superior nasal nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

maxillary (ophthalmic)

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110
Q

The medial posterior superior nasal nerve gives rise to which nerve?

A

nasopalatine

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111
Q

The nasopalatine nerve traverses which anatomical landmark?

A

incisive fossa

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112
Q

the nasopalatine nerve is a branch of…

A

medial posterior superior nasal nerve (maxillary - ophthalmic)

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113
Q

Medial (septal) posterior superior nasal nerve - function

A 
sensory 
postganglionic sympathetic (nerve of pterygoid canal)
postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
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114
Q

Medial (septal) posterior superior nasal nerve - innervation

A

mucosa of the nasal septum

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115
Q

nasopalatine nerve - function

A 
sensory 
postganglionic sympathetic (nerve of pterygoid canal)
postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
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116
Q

nasopalatine nerve - innervation

A

mucosa of the hard palate and associated gingiva

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117
Q

The zygomatic nerve is a branch of …

A

maxillary nerve (ophthalmic)

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118
Q

After the maxillary nerve exits the cranium through the foramen rotundum, the zygomatic nerve branches off through which anatomical landmark

A

inferior orbital fissure

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119
Q

Zygomatic nerve - function

A 
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus / SCG)
Postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
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120
Q

Zygomatic nerve - innervation

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- skin overlying zygomatic arch
postganglionic parasympathetic
- lacrimal gland (communicates with lacrimal nerve)

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121
Q

The zygomatic nerve provides postganglionic parasympathetic axons to which nerve?

A

lacrimal nerve (for innervation of the lacrimal gland)

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122
Q

The posterior superior alveolar nerve is a branch of what nerve?

A

maxillary (ophthalmic)

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123
Q

The posterior superior alveolar nerve traverses what anatomical landmark?

A

pterygomaxillary fissure

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124
Q

The posterior superior alveolar nerve - function

A 
sensory 
postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus / SCG)
postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
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125
Q

Posterior superior alveolar nerve - innervation

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- upper molars
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- mucosa of maxillary sinus and buccal gingiva

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126
Q

Infraorbital nerve - starting point?

A

Just after the PSAN branches, the infraorbital nerve begins, traversing the infraorbital groove/canal

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127
Q

The infraorbital nerve gives rise to two other nerves…

A

middle superior alveolar
anterior superior alveolar
(both depart prior to the ION traversing the infraorbital foramen)

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128
Q

The infraorbital nerve traverses the infraorbital groove and then moves through which anatomical landmark?

A

infraorbital foramen

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129
Q

The infraorbital nerve - function

A 
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus / SCG)
postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
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130
Q

Infraorbital nerve - innervation

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- skin of the upper lip, cheek, lateral nose, lower lid
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- mucosa of upper lip, labial gingiva, maxillary sinus

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131
Q

Middle superior alveolar nerve - branch of?

A

infraorbital nerve (maxillary)

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132
Q

Middle superior alveolar nerve - function?

A 
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus / SCG)
postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
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133
Q

Middles superior alveolar nerve - innervation?

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- upper premolars
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- maxillary sinus

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134
Q

Anterior superior alveolar nerve - branch of?

A

infraorbital nerve (maxillary)

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135
Q

Anterior superior alveolar nerve - function?

A 
sensory (trigeminal ganglion - pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus / SCG)
postganglionic parasympathetic (pterygopalatine ganglion)
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136
Q

Anterior superior alveolar nerve - innervation?

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- upper canines and incisors
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- maxillary sinus

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137
Q

The mandibular nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?

A

trigeminal (CNV)

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138
Q

Mandibular nerve - primary muscular branches (4)

A 
medial pterygoid nerve
deep temporal nerve
masseteric nerive
lateral pterygoid nerve
(*note* nerve to mylohyoid is secondary off of inferior alveolar nerve)
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139
Q

Mandibular nerve - primary sensory branches (5)

A

meningeal

buccal branch (long buccal n)
auriculotemporal (+ postG PS)
lingual 
inferior alveolar
(*note* mental nerve is secondary off of inferior alveolar)
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140
Q

The mental nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

Inferior alveolar (mandibular)

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141
Q

The nerve to mylohyoid us a branch of which nerve?

A

Inferior alveolar (mandibular)

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142
Q

The meningeal nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

mandibular nerve

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143
Q

The mandibular nerve exits the cranium through which anatomical landmark?

A

foramen ovale

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144
Q

The meningeal nerve traverses which anatomical landmark?

A

foramen spinosum

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145
Q

The mandibular nerve originates from the pons with what functionality?

A

motor (lmn) - trigeminal motor nucleus in pons

sensory - trigeminal ganglion to pons

146
Q

At what point does the mandibular nerve receive post-ganglionic sympathetic innervation?

A

foramen ovale (from external carotid plexus)

147
Q

Meningeal nerve - function

A 
sensory 
postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus)
148
Q

meningeal nerve - innervation

A

cranial dura mater

149
Q

medial pterygoid nerve - branch of?

A

mandibular

150
Q

medial pterygoid nerve - function

A

sensory
postganglionic sympathetic
motor (lmn)

151
Q

medial pterygoid nerve - innervation?

A

medial pterygoid
tensor palatini
tensor tympani

152
Q

innervation of medial pterygoid muscle

A

medial pteryoid nerve

153
Q

innervation of tensor palatini mucle

A

medial pterygoid nerve

154
Q

innervation of tensor tympani

A

medial pterygoid nerve

155
Q

masseteric nerve - branch of?

A

mandibular nerve

156
Q

masseteric nerve - function

A

sensory
postganglionic sympathetic
motor (lmn)

157
Q

masseteric nerve - innervation

A

masseter muscle

158
Q

which nerve innervates the masseter muscle

A

masseteric nerve

159
Q

deep temporal nerve - branch of?

A

mandibular

160
Q

deep temporal nerve - function

A

sensory
postganglionic sympathetic
motor (lmn)

161
Q

deep temporal nerve - innervation

A

temporalis muscle

162
Q

which nerve innervates temporalis muscle?

A

deep temporal nerve

163
Q

nerve to lateral pterygoid - branch of?

A

mandibular

164
Q

nerve to lateral pterygoid - function

A

sensory
postganglionic sympathetic
motor (lmn)

165
Q

nerve to lateral pterygoid - innervation

A

lateral pterygoid muscle

166
Q

lateral pterygoid muscle innervation

A

nerve to lateral pterygoid

167
Q

long buccal nerve - branch of?

A

mandibular nerve

168
Q

long buccal nerve - function

A

sensory

postganglionic sympathetic

169
Q

long buccal nerve - innervation

A

buccal sin and buccal mucosa and gingiva

170
Q

auriculotemporal nerve - branch of?

A

mandibular nerve

171
Q

auriculotemporal nerve - function

A

sensory
postganglionic sympathetic
postganglionic parasympathetic (otic ganglion)

172
Q

auriculotemporal nerve - innervation

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- TMJ, external auditory meatus, skin to the ant. ear
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + postganglionic parasympathetic
- parotid gland

173
Q

the auriculotemporal nerve (mandibular) provides postganglionic PS innervation (from otic ganglioin) to the parotid gland… what delivered the preganglionic PS axons to the parotid gland?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

174
Q

Lingual nerve - branch of?

A

mandibular

175
Q

Lingual nerve - function (@ mandibular foramen)

A

sensory
special sensory (taste - chorda tympani)
postganglionic sympathetic
postganglionic parasympathetic (submandibular ganglion)

176
Q

Lingual nerve innervation

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- mucosa overlying ant 2/3 tongue, floor of oral cavity, and adjacent gingiva
- taste to ant 2/3 tongue
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + preganglionic parasympathetic
- lingual, sublingual, and submandibular glands
postganglionic parasympathetic
- sublingual and minor lingual glands

177
Q

Where does the chorda tympani come from?

A

facial nerve

178
Q

The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the chorda tympani (communicating with lingual n.) terminate where?

A

The submandibular ganglion

179
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the submandibular ganglion send axons to

A

submandibular gland
sublingual gland
(some re-enter lingual nerve to reach minor lingual and sublingual glands)

180
Q

The inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

mandibular

181
Q

The inferior alveolar nerve gives rise to (3)

A

mental nerve
incisive nerve
nerve to mylohyoid

182
Q

Inferior alveolar nerve function (at origin)

A

sensory (TG)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
motor (TMN)

183
Q

inferior alveolar nerve innervation

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic

- lower teeth and adjacent buccal and labial gingiva

184
Q

mental nerve is a branch of

A

inferior alveolar (mandibular)

185
Q

The inferior alveolar nerve traverses which anatomical structure before splitting into the incisive and mental nerves?

A

mandibular foramen

186
Q

the mental nerve traverses which anatomical landmark?

A

mental foramen

187
Q

mental nerve - function

A

sensory

postganglionic sympathetic

188
Q

mental nerve - innervation

A

skin overlying chin and lower lip

labial mucosa and gingiva

189
Q

incisive nerve - branch of?

A

inferior alveolar nerve (mandibular)

190
Q

incisive nerve - function

A

sensory

postganglionic sympathetic

191
Q

incisive nerve - innervation

A

pulp - canine, incisors

192
Q

nerve to mylohyoid - branch of?

A

inferior alveolar (mandibular)

193
Q

nerve to mylohyoid - function

A

sensory
postganglionic sympathetic
motor (lmn)

194
Q

nerve to mylohyoid innervation?

A

mylohyoid muscle

anterior digastric

195
Q

which nerve innervates the mylohyoid muscle

A

nerve to mylohyoid (

196
Q

which nerve innervates the anterior digastric muscle?

A

nerve to mylohyoid (

197
Q

which nerve innervates the posterior digastric muscle?

A

nerve to posterior digastric (facial)

198
Q

Where does the abducens nerve originate?

A

abducens ganglion (pons) - lmn

199
Q

What does the abducens nerve innervate

A

lateral rectus muscle

200
Q

How does the abducens nerve exit the cranium to reach the lateral rectus muscle

A

through the superior orbital fissure

201
Q

what functional fibers join the abducens and where?

A

postganglionic sympathetic @ cavernous sinus (from internal carotid plexus / SCG)
sensory @ superior orbital fissure (from ophthalmic)

202
Q

abducens - function (as it enters orbit)

A

sensory (ophthalmic)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
motor (lmn) (AN - pons)

203
Q

Initial functional fibers of facial nerve

A

special sensory - taste (geniculate ganglion - pons)
preganglionic parasympathetic (superior salivatory nucleus)
motor/lmn (facial motor nucleus)

204
Q

Muscular branches of the facial nerve (8 to know)

A 
nerve to stapedius
nerve to posterior digastric 
nerve to stylohyoid
temporal branch
zygomatic branch 
buccal branch 
marginal mandibular branch 
cervical branch
205
Q

The facial nerve exits the cranium via which anatomical structure?

A

internal auditory meatus

206
Q

Prior to passing through the stylomastoid foramen, what muscular branch does the facial nerve give rise to?

A

nerve to stapedius

207
Q

Once giving off the nerve to stapedius (in the facial canal), the muscular division of the facial nerve exits the facial canal via which anatomical landmark?

A

The stylomastoid foramen

208
Q

What is unique about the innervation of the nerve to stapedius, compared to the other muscular branches of the facial nerve?

A

It does not receive postganglionic sympathetic innervation from the external carotid plexus because it branches before the communication at the SMF

209
Q

Nerve to stapedius - function

A

motor (lmn)

210
Q

Nerve to stapedius - innervation

A

stapedius muscle

211
Q

Other than the nerve to stapedius, what functions do the muscular branches of the facial nerve have?

A

motor (lmn)

postganglionic sympathetic

212
Q

What are the two primary preganglionic parasympathetic tracks of the facial nerve?

A

great petrosal nerve (–> nerve of the pterygoid canal)

chorda tympani

213
Q

The preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies of the facial nerve … location?

A

superior salivatory nucles (pons)

214
Q

The motor (skeletal) nueron cell bodies of the facial nereve …. location?

A

facial motor nucles (pons)

215
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic neuron cell bodies of the facial nerve…location?

A

geniculate ganglion

216
Q

After arising from the geniculate ganglion, what structure does the greater petrosal nerve pass through?

A

hiatus greater petrosal nerve

217
Q

At what point do postganglionic sympathetic axons join the greater petrosal nerve?
At this point what does the name of the nerve change to?

A

Joins prior to the pterygoid canal (from carotid plexus / deep petrosal nerve)
Becomes nerve of the pterygoid canal

218
Q

Which nerve delivers postganglionic axons to the the greater petrosal nerve (giving rise to the nerve of the pterygoid canal)?

A

deep petrosal nerve

219
Q

After emerging from the geniculate ganglion, what structure does the chorda tympani pass through?

A

petrotympanic fissure

220
Q

At what point do postganglionic sympathetic axons join the chorda tympani?

A

Post - petrotympanic fissure

221
Q

The preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the chorda tympani synapse at which ganglion?

A

submandibular ganglion

222
Q

The preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the nerve of the pterygoid canal (from great petrosal nerve) synapse at which ganglion?

A

pterygopalatine ganglion

223
Q

Where is the pterygopalatine ganglion located?

A

pterygopalatine fossa

224
Q

The chorda tympani communicates with which nerve to innervate the sublingual and submandibular glands?

A

lingual (V-2)

225
Q

Chorda tympani - function at origin

A 
special sensory/taste (geniculate ganglion)
preganglionic parasympathetic (superior salivatory nucleus -pons)
226
Q

Chorda tympani - innervation

A

sensory (taste)
- ant 2/3 tongue (via communication with lingual V)
preganglionic parasympathetic
- submandibular ganglion

227
Q

The sublingual and submandibular glands are innervated by which nerve

A

lingual (carrying postsynaptic PS fibers from submandibular ganglion)

228
Q

Greater petrosal nerve - branch of?

229
Q

Greater petrosal nerve - traverses which anatomical landmark before becomeing nerve of the pterygoid canal?

A

hiatus for greater petrosal nerve

230
Q

Greater petrosal nerve - becomes nerve of the pterygoid canal at what anatomical landmark?

A

pterygoid canal

231
Q

At what point do postganglionic parasympathetic fibers join the greater petrosal nerve?
@ this point what does the nerve become

A

just prior to pterygoid canal (from superior cervical ganglion)
Becomes nerve of the pterygoid canal

232
Q

Greater petrosal nerve - function

A 
preganglionic parasympathetic (superior salivatory nucleus - pons)
special sensory/taste (geniclate ganglion - pons)
233
Q

Greater petrosal nerve - innervation

A

preganglionic parasympathetic
- pterygopalatine ganglion
special sensory/taste
- mucosa of palate

234
Q

The greater petrosal nerve provides preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion - branches of which nerve provide the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland, nasal mucosa, paranasal sinuses, nasal pharynx, and roof of oral cavity?

A

maxillary nerve

235
Q

Nerve of the pterygoid canal - continuation of which nerve?

A

Greater palatine nerve

236
Q

Nerve of the pterygoid canal - function

A 
preganglionic parasympathetic (SSN)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
special sensory/taste (GG)
237
Q

Nerve of the pterygoid canal - innervation

A

preganglionic parasympathetic + postganglionic sympathetic
- pterygopalatine ganglion
special sensory (Taste)
- mucosa of palate

238
Q

Which function did Dr. Carry specifically say not to include as part of any facial nerve’s function?

A

General Sensory… He said not to include.

239
Q

The nerve of the pterygoid canal (greater petrosal) provides preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion - which nerve emerges from the PPG to provide postganglionic PS fibers to the mucus and minor salivary glands + taste sensation to the soft palate?

A

V-2 - lesser palatine nerve

240
Q

The nerve of the pterygoid canal (greater petrosal) provides preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion - which nerve emerges from the PPG to provide postganglionic PS fibers to the mucus and minor salivary glands + taste sensation to the hard palate?

A

V-2 - greater palatine nerve

241
Q

The nerve of the pterygoid canal (greater petrosal) provides preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion - which nerve emerges from the PPG to provide postganglionic PS fibers to the lacrimal gland?

A

V-2 - zygomatic and then to V-1 - lacrimal

242
Q

From the pterygopalatine ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic axons travel with all branches of the maxillary nerve, except?

A

Branches to the skin and dental pulp

Thus, they travel with...
infraorbital nerve
anterior superior alveolar nerve
middle superior alveolar nerve
posterior superior alveolar nerve
medial posterior superior nasal nerve
incisive nerve
lateral posterior superior nasal nerve 
pharyngeal nearve
greater palatine nerve
lesser palatine nerve 
zygomatic nerve --> to lacrimal nerve
243
Q

Which muscular branches of the facial nerve are located adjacent to the stylomastoid foramen (after exit)? (2 to know)

A

nerve to the stylohyoid

nerve to the posterior digastric

244
Q

Nerve to the stylohyoid muscle - innervates?

A

stylohyoid muscle

245
Q

Nerve to stylohyoid muscle - function?

A 
motor/lmn (FMN of pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus - joins @ SMF exit)
246
Q

Nerve to stylohyoid muscle - is a branch of which nerve?

A

facial nerve

247
Q

Nerve to posterior digastric - emerges from the facial nerve immediately after which anatomical landmark?

A

stylomastoid foramen

248
Q

Nerve to posterior digastric - branch of which nerve?

A

facial nerve

249
Q

Nerve to posterior digastric - carries what functional fibers

A 
motor/lmn (facial motor nucleus of the pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (ECP)
250
Q

Nerve to posterior digastric innervates?

A

posterior belly of digastric

251
Q

Which nerve innervates the stylohyoid muscle

A

nerve to stylohyoid muscle

252
Q

which nerve innervates the posterior digastric muscle

A

nerve to posterior digastric muscle

253
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior digastric muscle?

A

nerve to mylohyoid muscle (mandibular)

254
Q

What are the facial branches of the facial nerve? (5)

A 
temporal 
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular 
cervical
255
Q

All the facial branches of the facial nerve carry axons with the following functionalities

A 
motor/lmn (facial motor nucleus of the pons)
postganglionic sympathetic (external carotid plexus)
256
Q

The temporal branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscles (2)

A

frontalis

orbicularis oculi

257
Q

The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscles (4)

A

levator anguli oris
levator anguli superioris
orbicularis oculi
zygomaticus major

258
Q

The buccal branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscles (7 to know)

A 
buccinator
depressor anguli oris
levator anguli oris
levator labii superioris 
nasalis
orbicularis oris
zygomaticus major
259
Q

The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscles (4)

A

depressor anguli oris
depressor labii inferioris
mentalis
orbicularis oris

260
Q

The cervical branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscles (1)

261
Q

Frontalis innervation

A

temporal branch of facial nerve

262
Q

orbicularis oculi innervation

A

temporal and zygomatic branch of facial nerve

263
Q

levator anguli oris innervation

A

zygomatic and buccal branch of facial nerve

264
Q

levator anguli superioris innervation

A

zygomatic branch of facial nerve

265
Q

zygomaticus major innervation

A

zygomatic and buccal branch of facial nerve

266
Q

buccinator innervation

A

buccal branch of facial nerve

267
Q

depressor anguli oris innervation

A

buccal branch and marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

268
Q

levator labii superioris innervation

A

buccal branch of facial nerve

269
Q

nasalis innervation

A

buccal branch of facial nerve

270
Q

orbicularis oris innervation

A

buccal branch and marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

271
Q

depressor labii inferioris innervation

A

marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

272
Q

mentalis innervation

A

marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

273
Q

platysma innervation

A

cervical branch of facial nerve

274
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve - 2 roots

A

cochlear root

vestibular root

275
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve - cochlear root - function

A

special sensory / hearing (cochlea)

276
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve - cochlear nerve cell body location; projections?

A

spiral ganglion

projections from cochlea to cochlear nuclei (medulla)

277
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - function

A

sensory - balance and proprioception

278
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - innervation

A

semicircular canals
utricle
saccule

279
Q

To enter the inner ear, the vestibulocochlear nerve travels through what anatomical landmark?

A

internal auditory meatus

280
Q

What other nerve (in addition to vestibulocochlear) sends projections into inner ear through internal auditory meatus?

A

facial nerve

281
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve: cell body location and projections

A

cell body = vestibular (Scarpa’s) ganglion

projections - from semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule to cochelar nuclei (medulla)

282
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve - functionality @ origin

A

sensory
special sensory (taste)
preganglionic parasympathetic (ISN - inferior salivatory nucleus)
motor/lmn (nucleus ambiguus)

283
Q

To exit the cranium, the glossopharyngeal nerve traverses which anatomical landmark?

A

jugular foramen

284
Q

Th cell bodies of the sensory + special sensory (taste) axons of the glossopharyngeal nerve are housed where?

A

the superior and inferior ganglion? Verify though….

285
Q

The cell bodies of the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve are located where?

A

inferior salivatory nucleus (medulla)

286
Q

The cell bodies of the lmn axons of the glossopharygneal nerve are located where?

A

nucleus amibiguus (medulla)

287
Q

At what point does the glossopharyngeal nerve gain postganglionic sympathetic innervation?
From what?

A

Distal to the jugular foramen and IG/SG

From the superior cervical ganglion

288
Q

What are the primary branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve? (6)

A 
Tympanic nerve (==> lesser pretrosal nerve)
Tonsilar branch
lingual branch 
Pharyngeal branch 
nerve to stylopharyngeus
carotid branch
289
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve only sends preganglionic parasympathetic axons to one of its branches… which one?

A

tympanic nerve

290
Q

The tympanic nerve (glossopharyngeal) traverses which anatomical landmarks before exiting the middle ear to become the lesser petrosal nerve?

A

Tympanic canaliculus - to enter middle ear
Traverses middle ear
Hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve - to exit middle ear

291
Q

The lesser petrosal nerve (

A

Ganglion = otic ganglion

Anatomical structure = foramen ovale

292
Q

The lesser petrosal nerve (

A 
Auriculotemporal nerve (V-3) 
Parotid gland
293
Q

Tympanic nerve (+ lesser petrosal) - function

A

sensory
postganglionic sympathetic
preganglionic parasympathetic

294
Q

Tympanic nerve (+ lesser petrosal) - innervation

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic
- middle ear
preganglionic parasympathetic
- otic ganglion

295
Q

The otic ganglion sends postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the ______________ via the _______________

A

to the parotid gland

via the auriculotemporal nerve (V3)

296
Q

The tympanic nerve is a branch of ______

A

glossopharyngeal

297
Q

The tympanic nerve gives rise to _______

A

lesser petrosal

298
Q

The carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve - function?

A

sensory innervation of the carotid sinus and body

299
Q

Pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve - function?

A 
sensory 
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
300
Q

Pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve - innervation?

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic

- mucosa of the upper pharynx

301
Q

Tonsilar branches of glossopharyngeal nerve - function

A 
sensory 
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
302
Q

Tonsilar branches of glossopharygneal nerve - innervation

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic

- tonisal mucosa

303
Q

Lingual branch of glossopharyngeal nerve - function

A 
sensory
special sensory (taste)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
304
Q

Lingual branch of glossopharyngeal nerve - innervation

A

sensory/taste/postganglionic sympathetic

- mucosa of posterior 1/3 tongue (oral pharynx)

305
Q

Nerve to stylopharyngeus muscle - branch of?

A

glossopharyngeal

306
Q

Nerve to stylopharyngeus muscle - function -

A

sensory
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
motor/lmn

307
Q

Nerve to stylopharyngeus muscle - innervation -

A

sensory/post-ganglionic sympathetic/motor(lmn)

- sytlopharyngeus muscle

308
Q

Which nerve provides taste innervation to posterior 1/3 tongue?

A

lingual branch of glossopharyngeus

309
Q

Vagus nerve - primary functions (i.e. @ origin)

A

preganglionic parasympathetic (dorsal motor nucleus in medulla)
motor/lmn (nucleus ambiguus in medulla)
sensory (inferior ganglion)
special sensory - taste (inferior ganglion)

310
Q

The vagus nerve passes through which anatomical landmark to leave the cranium?

A

jugular foramen

311
Q

What are the primary branches of the vagus nerve? (6)

A 
auricular 
pharyngeal (plexus)
carotid
superior laryngeal (gives rise to internal and external laryngeal)
recurrent laryngeal 
vagal trunk
312
Q

The vagus nerve gives rise to three motor (lmn) nerves. What are they?

A

pharyngeal
external laryngeal (via superior laryngeal)
recurrent laryngeal

313
Q

Auricular branch of vagus nerve - branch location?

A

jugular fossa

314
Q

Auricular branch of vagus nerve - function

A 
sensory 
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
315
Q

Auricular branch of vagus nerve - innervation?

A

Sensory + postganglionic sympathetic

- skin of the external auditory meatus and ear

316
Q

At what point does Postganglionic sympathetic innervation join the vagus nerve?

A

just distal to inferior ganglion

317
Q

Carotid nerve (vagus) - function?

A 
sensory
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
318
Q

Carotid nerve (vagus) - innervation?

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic

- carotid sinus and body

319
Q

Pharyngeal branch (vagus) - function?

A

sensory
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
motor/lmn (NA - medulla)

320
Q

Pharyngeal branch (vagus) - innervation?

A

sensory + motor + postganglionic sympathetic

  • muscles of the palate (except tensor palatini)
  • muscles of the pharynx (except stylopharyngeus)
321
Q

The superior laryngeal nerve (vagus) gives rise to which two nerves?

A

external and internal laryngeal

322
Q

The external laryngeal nerve is a branch of?

A

superior laryngeal (vagus)

323
Q

The external laryngeal nerve - function?

A

sensory
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
motor/lmn (NA- medulla)

324
Q

External laryngeal nerve - innervation?

A

sensory / postganglionic sympathetic / motor (lmn)

  • cricothyroid muscle
  • inferior constrictor muscles
325
Q

The internal laryngeal nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

superior laryngeal (vagus)

326
Q

Internal laryngeal nerve - function?

A

sensory
special sensory (taste)
postganglionic sympathetic
preganglionic parasympathetic (DMN - medulla)

327
Q

Intenral laryngeal nerve - innervation?

A

sensory / taste / post-gang sym / pre-gang parasym

  • taste to epiglottis
  • mucosa of the oral and laryngeal pharynx
  • mucosa of the epiglottis and larynx superior to the vocal folds
328
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - branch of?

A

vagus nerve

329
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - function

A

sensory (IG - to medulla)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
motor/lmn (NA - medulla)
preganglionic parasympathetic (DMN - medulla)

330
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - innervation

A

sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + motor/lmn
- all the muscles of the larynx (except cricothryoid and inferior constrictor)
sensory + postganglionic sympathetic + preganglionic parasympathetic
- tracheal, laryngeopharyngeal, and laryngeal mucosa (inferior to the vocal folds)

331
Q

vagal trunk - function

A

postganglionic sympathetic
preganglionic parasympathetic
sensory

332
Q

vagal trunk - innervation

A

innervation to viscera to the level of the left colic flexure of colon

333
Q

Which nerve innervates all the muscles of the palate except tensor palatini

A

pharyngeal branch of vagus

334
Q

which nerve innervates all the muscles of larynx except the cricothyroid and inferior constrictor

A

recurrent laryngeal (vagus)

335
Q

which nerve innervates the tensor veli palatini muscle?

A

medial pterygoid (V3)

336
Q

which nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle and inferior constrictor muscle

A

external laryngeal nerve (

337
Q

which nerve innervates all the muscles of the pharynx except styolopharyngeus

A

pharyngeal branch of vagus

338
Q

which nerve innervates stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

nerve to stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal)

339
Q

Accessory nerve - spinal root - enters cranium through?

A

foramen magnum

340
Q

Accessory nerve - spinal root - exits cranium through?

A

jugular foramen

341
Q

Accessory nerve - cranial root - joins ___________________________

A

pharyngeal plexus of vagus

342
Q

Accessory nerve spinal root - function (as it enters SCM)

A 
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
motor/lmn (spinal accessory nucleus C1-C5)
343
Q

Accessory nerve spinal root - innervation?

A

postganglionic sympathetic + motor/lmn

  • trapezius muscle
  • sternocleidomastoid muscle
344
Q

Hypoglossal nerve - exits cranium through?

A

Hypoglossal canal

345
Q

Hypoglossal nerve - function @ origin

A

Motor/lmn (hypoglossal nucleus in medulla)

346
Q

After exiting through the hypoglossal canal, the hypoglossal nerve attains what additional functions, and from where?

A 
sensory (lingual V3)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
347
Q

Hypoglossal nerve - function (as it passes lateral to hyoglossus)

A

sensory (lingual v3)
postganglionic sympathetic (SCG)
Motor (hypoglossal nucleus - medulla)

348
Q

Hypoglossal nerve - innervation

A

sensory + post-gang sym + motor(lmn)

  • genioglossus
  • hyoglossus
  • styloglossus
  • intrinsic tongue muscles
349
Q

Which nerve innervates the trapezius muscle

A

accessory nerve (spinal root)

350
Q

which nerve innervates the styloglossus muscle?

A

hypoglossal

351
Q

which nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

accessory nerve (spinal root)

352
Q

which nerve innervates the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

hypoglossal

353
Q

which nerve innervates the buccinator muscle?

A

buccal branch of facial

354
Q

which nerve innervates the stylohyoid muscle?

A

nerve to stylohyoid (facial)

355
Q

which nerve innervates the hyoglossus muscle?

A

hypoglossal

356
Q

which nerve innervates the genioglossus muscle?

A

hypoglossal

357
Q

the lingual nerve contribute sensory innervation to the hypoglossal nerve near the posterior border of which muscle?

A

hyoglossus muscle

358
Q

These four cranial nerves traverse the superior orbital fissure

A

oculomotor
trochlear
abducens
ophthalmic (trigeminal)

359
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation (muscle spindle afferents) to the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves?

A

ophthalmic

360
Q

Prior to passing through the mandibular foramen, the inferior alveolar nerve gives rise to what motor branch?

A

mylohyoid nerve (nerve to mylohyoid)

III - review (9 decks)

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