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Reproductive > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Sonic hedgehog gene

A

BASE OF LIMBS - anterior/posterior axis, CNS development (holoprosencephaly)

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2
Q

Wnt-7 gene

A

Apical ectodermal ridge — distal end of limbs – dorsal/ventral axis

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3
Q

FGF gene

A

Apical ectodermal ridge — lengthening of limbs

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4
Q

Homebox (hox genes)

A

Craniocaudal organization — mutations cause appendages at wrong locations (structural defects)

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5
Q

Early fetal development

A

Week 1 (hCG, blastocyst) – Week 2 (bilaminar disc) – Week 3 (trilaminar disc, gastrulation) – Week 4 (heart beat, limb buds) – Week 6 (cardiac activity) – Weeks 3-8 (organogenesis, neural tube –TERATOGENS) – Week 10 (genitalia)

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6
Q

Surface ectoderm

A

Epidermis, adenohypophysis, epithelial linings of mouth, lens of eye, anal canal below pectinate line, glands

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7
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

CNS and retina, optic nerve, spinal cord

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8
Q

Neural crest

A

Ca MOTEL PASS – Craniofacial bones, Melanocytes, Odonocytes, Tracheal cartilage, Enterochromaffin cells, Laryngeal cartilage, Parafollicular cells/Pia, All ganglia/Adrenal medulla/Arachnoid, Schwann cells, Spiral membrane

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9
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer - muscle, bone, CT, peritoneum, spleen, CV structures, adrenal cortex, etc. — VACTERL defects (Vertebral, Anal atresia, Cardiac, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula, Renal, Limb)

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10
Q

Endoderm

A

Gut tube lining, urethra, luminal epithelial derivatives

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11
Q

Agenesis

A

No organ due to no primordial tissue

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12
Q

Aplasia

A

No organ but presence of primordial tissue

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13
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Incomplete organ development

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14
Q

Deformation

A

Extrinsic disruption after embryonic period –REVERSIBLE

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15
Q

Disruption

A

Breakdown of previously normal tissue – IRREVERSIBLE

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16
Q

Malformation

A

Intrinsic disruption during weeks 3-8

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17
Q

Sequence

A

Abnormalities from a single embryologic event

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18
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

2 eggs, 2 sperm, 2 separate amniotic sacs, 2 separate placents

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19
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

1 fertilized egg that splits into 2 zygotes — days 0-4 (dichorionic diamniotic) — days 4-8 (monochorionic diamniotic) — days 8-12 (monochorionic monoamniotic) — after day 13 (conjoined)

20
Q

Placenta components

A

Cytotrophoblast (inner layer – fetal), Syncytiotrophoblast (outer layer that secretes hCG – fetal) —– Decidua basilis (from endometrium – mother)

21
Q

Umbilical cord

A

2 arteries (deoxygenated blood from fetal internal iliacs to placenta) — 1 vein (oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus) – derived from allantois

22
Q

Urachus

A

3rd week – duct between fetal bladder and yolk sac — patent (total failure of obliteation - urine from umbilicus) – urachyl cyst (partial failure, cyst between umbilicus and bladder) – veiscourachal diverticulum (slight failure - outpouching of bladder)

23
Q

Vitelline duct

A

7th week this is obliterated (conects yolk sac to midgut lumen) – vitelline fistula (duct fails to close, meconium discharge from umbilicus) – Meckel’s diverticulum (partial closure)

24
Q

Aortic arch derivatives

A

1 (maxillary artery) – 2 (stapedial and hyoid artery) – 3 (common carotid and internal carotid) – 4 (aortic arch on L and subclavian on R) – 6 (pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus)

25
Q

Branchial apparatus

A

CAP outside to inside – Clefts (ectoderm), Arches (mesoderm), Pouches (endoderm)

26
Q

Branchial clefts

A

1 (external auditory meatus), 2-4 (temporal cervical sinuses)

27
Q

Branchial arches

A

CN 5 - arch 1 - M — CN 7 - arch 2 - S — CN 9 - arch 3 - pharyngaeal — CN 10 - arches 4-6 - speak and swallow

28
Q

Branchial pouches

A

Ear, tonsils, bottom to top —- 1 (ear), 2 (tonsils), 3 dorsal (bottom parathyroids) and ventral (to = thyums), 4 (top parathyroids)

29
Q

Cleft lip

A

Failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes

30
Q

Cleft palate

A

Failure of fusion of two lateral palatine processes or lateral palatine processe with nasal septum

31
Q

Congenital torticollis

A

Swelling in baby neck that doesn’t move when swallowing – baby holds head toward affect SCM and cries when neck is pushed to opposite side — due to birth trauma or malposition of head in utero

32
Q

Female genital embryology

A

Default development – Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct becomes fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper 1/3 of vagina – Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct degenerates

33
Q

Male genital embryology

A

SRY gene –> Testes determining factor –> Sertoli cells –> Mullerian inhibitory factor

Testes determining factor –> Leydig cells –> androgens –> stimulate Wolffian duct –> SEED (Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, Ductus deferens)

34
Q

No sertoli cells or lack of MIF

A

Male and female internal genitalia and male external genitalia

35
Q

5a-reductase deficiency

A

Male internal genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia until puberty

36
Q

Mullerian duct anomalies

A

Septate uterus (incomplete resorption of septum), Bicornuate uterus (incomplete fusion of Mullerian ducts), Uterus didelphys (complete failure of fusion - double everything)

37
Q

Genital tubercule

A 
Glans clitoris (F) -- Glans penis (M)
Vestibular bulbs (F) -- Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum (M)
38
Q

Urogenital sinus

A

Greater vestibular glands of Bartholin (F) – Bulbourethral glands of Cowper (M)
Urethral and paraurethral glands of Skene (F) – Prostate gland (M)

39
Q

Urogenital folds

A

Labia minora (F) – Ventral shaft of penis/urethra (M)

40
Q

Labioscrotal swelling

A

Labia majora (F) – Scrotum (M)

41
Q

Imperforate hymen

A

Obstruction of female genital tract – at birth (vaginal secretions cause mucocolpos) – at menarche (cyclic pelvic pain, hematocolpus) – primary amenorrhea in pt with fully developed secondary sex characteristics

42
Q

Hypospadias

A

Abnormal opening on ventral penis due to failure of urethral folds to fuse – MOST COMMON – inguinal hernia, cryptochidism

43
Q

Epispadis

A

Abnormal opening on dorsal penis due to faulty genital tubercle – exstrophy of bladder – Episadis = pEE in Eye

44
Q

Gubernaculum

A

Anchors testes in male — ovarian ligament + round ligament in female

45
Q

Processus vaginalis

A

Tunica vaginalis in males

Reproductive (5 decks)

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