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Respiratory > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the respiratory diverticulum/lung bud found?

A

The ventral wall of the foregut

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2
Q

Which germ layer is the foregut a part of?

A

Endoderm

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3
Q

On what day do the lung buds appear?

A

22

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4
Q

What separates the respiratory diverticulum from the foregut?

A

Tracheoesophageal ridges

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5
Q

What is a tracheoesophageal fistula (TOF)?

A

Incomplete division of foregut into oesophageal and respiratory portions.

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6
Q

What is the most common (85-90%) TOF?

A

oesophageal atresia

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7
Q

What is the second most common TOF?

A

connection of oesophagus to trachea

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of tracheoesophageal fistula with oesophageal atresia?

A

Abdomen rapidly distends as fills with air
Regurgitation of milk
Coughing
Stomach acid and bile in trachea- infection

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of a connection between the oesophagus and trachea?

A

Milk in respiratory system

No regurgitation as can still swallow milk

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10
Q

Which other congenital abnormalities are TOFs usually associated with?

A

VACTERL:

Vertebral defects (spina bifida)
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects -1/3 OF CASES
Tracheoesophageal fistulas 
Oesophageal atresia
Renal abnormailities
Limb defects  (common)
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11
Q

During what week are the lobar bronchi formed?

A

5

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12
Q

During what week are tertiary bronchi formed?

A

6

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13
Q

How many lobar bronchi are in each lung?

A

3 on right, 2 on left

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14
Q

How many tertiary bronchi are in each lung?

A

10 on right, 8 on left

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15
Q

When are terminal bronchioles formed?

A

Week 16

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16
Q

When are respiratory bronchioles formed?

A

Week 26

17
Q

When do the first alveoli develop?

A

Week 36

18
Q

How is branching partially regulated?

A

Interaction of the epithelium (from foregut) with the overlying visceral mesoderm (which will form cartilage, smooth muscle, connective tissue and capillaries)

19
Q

From where are the capillaries, smooth muscle, cartilage and connective tissue derived?

A

The visceral mesoderm.

20
Q

What are the visceral and parietal pleura derived from?

A

Visceral and parietal mesoderm.

21
Q

What is pulmonary agenesis?

A

When the lung bud fails to split resulting in the complete absence of bronchi and vasculature. Unilateral or bilateral. Bilateral is incompatible with life.

22
Q

What is pulmonary hypoplasia?

A

All components present but incompletely developed. Severity varies. May be in association with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

23
Q

What is branching morphogenesis?

A

Extra lobes or segments- little functional significance.

24
Q

What are the four periods of lung maturation?

A
  1. Pseudoglandular
  2. Canalicular
  3. Terminal Sac
  4. Alveolar
25
Q

When is the pseudoglandular period?

A

5-17 weeks

26
Q

What happens during the pseudoglandular period?

A

The respiratory tree branches to form terminal bronchioles. Respiration not possible

27
Q

When is the canalicular period?

A

16-25 weeks

28
Q

What happens during the canalicular period?

A

Terminal bronchioles give rise to respiratory bronchioles which give rise to alveolar ducts. Mesodermal tissue becomes highly vascularised. Respiration possible towards the end.

29
Q

When is the terminal sac period?

A

26 weeks - birth

30
Q

What happens during the terminal sac period?

A

Further terminal sacs develop
Epithelium thins and capillaries come into ‘contact’ with it
Blood-air barrier formed
Type I and type II pneumocytes formed from differentiation of epithelium
Surfactant produced, facilitating inflation.

Survival possible but may have respiratory distress syndrome

31
Q

When is the alveolar period?

A

36 weeks-8 years

32
Q

What happens during the alveolar period?

A

Increase in number of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli (95% mature alveoli don’t develop until after birth)

33
Q

When do breathing movements start?

A

In utero, to remove amniotic fluid and to practice muscles of respiration

34
Q

What happens to lung fluid after birth?

A

It is reabsorbed into the capillaries

35
Q

How is infant respiratory distress syndrome treated?

A
  • Glucocorticoid treatment accelerates foetal lung development and surfactant production
  • Surfactant therapy- natural or artificial
36
Q

What genetic condition can also affect surfactant?

A

Surfactant protein B deficiency disease
Fatal even with replacement therapy. This protein only makes up 2% of surfactant but is very important.
Autosomal recessive.

Respiratory (12 decks)

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