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Respiratory > Conditions > Flashcards

Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Which anatomical structures are affected by asthma?

A

Small and large airways

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2
Q

Is asthma an obstructive or restrictive disease?

A

Obstructive

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3
Q

In asthma is the greatest reduction in airflow on inhilation or expiration? What can this lead to?

A

Expiration. Can lead to dynamic hyperinflation as a little of the previous breath remains in the lungs.

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4
Q

What are the physiological abnormalities of asthma and what affect do these have on gas exchange?

A

Bronchospasm and inflammed airways reduces rate of airflow to and from alveoli

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5
Q

What five things can induce asthma?

A 
Exposure to allergens
Exposure to irritants
Exercise or cold weather
Prior eczema or hay fever
Family history
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6
Q

What are four symptoms experienced by asthmatic patients?

A

Wheezing
Coughing
Chest tightness
Shortness of breath

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7
Q

What four clinical signs are observed in people with asthma?

A

Wheeze heard (on expiration and/or through stethoscope)
Use of accessory muscles of respiration
May have a paradoxical pulse (weaker during inhalation)
Over-inflation of chest

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8
Q

What would the FEV1/FVC ratio be like in an asthmatic patient?

A

Reduced FEV1 so ratio reduced, but this is reversible

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9
Q

What might a chest x-ray show in an asthmatic patient?

A

Over-inflation of chest

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10
Q

What 5 drugs could an asthmatic be prescribed?

A
  1. Inhaled short acting beta-2 agonist (e.g. salbutamol)
  2. Inhaled corticosteroid (e.g. beclametasone)
  3. Long acting beta-2 agonist (e.g. salmetrol)
  4. Oral prednisolone (cortcosteroid)
  5. Leukotriene antagonists (reduce allergic response)
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11
Q

Bronchiectasis affects which anatomical structures?

A

Small and large airways

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12
Q

Bronchiectasis affects which functions of the lungs?

A

Transfer of air in and out
Efficient gas exchange
Protection of lungs from infection

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13
Q

What structural abnormalitt is present in bronchiectasis?

A

Localised, irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree. Bronchi are inflamed, dilated and easily collapsible= airflow obstruction and impaired clearance of secretions.

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14
Q

What are four possible causes of bronchiectasis?

A
  1. Prior infection e.g. measles, pertussis, bacterial pneumonia
  2. Immunodeficiencies
  3. Other acquired causes e.g. tuberculosis, connective tissue disease, foreign body aspiration
  4. Other congenital causes e.g. Kartagener syndrome, alpha-1 antotrypsin deficiency.
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15
Q

What 4 symptoms might a patient with bronchiectasis experience?

A
  1. Dyspnoea
  2. Chronic green/yellow sputum production
  3. Repeated chest infections
  4. Halitosis
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16
Q

What clinical signs might someone with bronchiectasis present with?

A
  1. Coarse crepitations heard with stethoscope over affected area of the lung
  2. Hypoxaemia (low blood O2)
  3. Hypercapnia (high blood CO2)
17
Q

What might a CT scan of a person with bronchiectasis show?

A

Signet ring sign (ADD PICTURE)

18
Q

What would spirometry of a person with bronchiectasis show?

A

Obstructive pattern

19
Q

What would blood gases of someone with bronchiectasis show?

A

Low O2, high CO2

20
Q

Is bronchiectasis an obstructive or restrictive disease?

A

Obstructive

21
Q

How would you treat bronchiectasis? (5 ways)

A
  1. Control infections and bronchial secretions (physiotherapy for drainage)
  2. Relieve airway obstructions
  3. Antibiotics (possibly nebulised)
  4. If localised, surgery to affected lung.
  5. Maintain body weight with nutritional support.
22
Q

What are some preventative measures to avoid bronchiectasis?

A

Immunisation against measles, pertussis and other acute respiratory infections and avoiding smoking

23
Q

How does COPD affect lung structure?

A

Narrowing of airways, enlarged air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of their walls (emphysema) and expansion of the chest.

24
Q

In what way does COPD reduce lung function?

A

Reduces rate of airflow (especially on expiration) so reduced effectiveness of the lungs
Dynamic hyperinflation

25
Q

What are 4 risk factors for COPD?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Repeated chest infections
  3. Family history
  4. Exposure to dust in workplace or air pollution
26
Q

What are 4 symptoms of COPD?

A
  1. Dyspnoea
  2. Wheeze
  3. Phlegm
  4. Cough
27
Q

What are 5 clinical signs of COPD?

A
  1. Tachypnea
  2. Hyper-inflated chest
  3. Wheeze
  4. Breath sounds decreased in intensity
  5. Prolonged expiration
28
Q

What would a CXR of a COPD patient show?

A

Hyper-inflated lungs

29
Q

What is the effect of COPD on FEV1?

A

Reduces it as an obstructive disease

30
Q

What might blood gases of a COPD patient show?

A

Hypoxia (low O2) and hypercapnoea (raised CO2)

31
Q

What are 7 treatment options for COPD?

A
  1. antibiotics for chest infections
  2. beta-2 receptor agonists (bronchodilator therapy)
  3. anticholinergic bronchodilator therapy
  4. long acting beta 2 agonists
  5. inhaled steroids
  6. oral steroid anti-inflammatory therapy
  7. O2 therapy
32
Q

Which four parts of the body are affected by cystic fibrosis?

A
  1. Epithelial cells of the lungs
  2. Sweat glands
  3. Pancreas
  4. Bowel
33
Q

What is the genetic and biochemical basis for cystic fibrosis?

A

Mutation in CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene which codes for chloride channels which regulate passage of chloride ions and water across cell membranes. Mucous is therefore thick and sticky, clogging the airways and various ducts.

34
Q

What type of inheritance is cystic fibrosis?

A

Autosomal recessive

Respiratory (12 decks)

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