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Revision > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

0
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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1
Q

Accretion

A

Increase in size by gradual addition of smaller parts

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2
Q

Differentiation

A

Process by which cells develop a “type”

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3
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outermost germ layer. Forms the skin

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4
Q

Embryo

A

Between the 1st division of a zygote until it becomes a foetus (8 weeks).

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5
Q

Gastrulation

A

Phase where embryo morphology is restructured by cell migration. In humans this is to 3 layers.

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6
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size due to increase cell size rather than division

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7
Q

Induction

A

Action of inducing cells to undergo a change (signalling)

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8
Q

Mesoderm

A

Germ layer that forms connective tissue, muscles and circulatory system.

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9
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Process that controls the organised spacial distribution of cells that arise during embryonic development. E.g. Neurolation, Gastrulation etc.

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10
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Derived from ectoderm and are able to migrate extensively and generate many differentiated cell types

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11
Q

Neural plate

A

Thick, flat bundle of ectoderm which develops into the neural tube and then the nervous system.

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12
Q

Neurolation

A

Morphogenetic process where the neural plate folds into type neural tube.

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13
Q

Proliferation

A

During tissue growth one cell divides into daughter cells, this is a form of tissue growth.

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14
Q

Teratogenesis

A

Formation of congenital malformations

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15
Q

During Gastrulation, what is the Bilaminar disk made up of?

A

Epiblast and hypoblast. The Bilaminar disk becomes the trilaminar disk when the Epiblast moves inwards between epi and hypoblast into the primitive streak.

16
Q

When does Neurolation start?

A

Week 3

17
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

Epidermis, CNS, PNS and retina

18
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A

Smooth muscle, cv system, blood cells, bone marrow, skeleton, striated muscle, reproductive and excretory organs.

19
Q

What does endoderm form?

A

Epithelia of the GI, resp tract, gl,adular cells and associated organs.

20
Q

What is the embryo logical mouth and anus called.

A

Stomodeum and Proctodeum.

21
Q

The yolk sac divides the tubular gut into 3 parts, what are they?

A

Foregut, midgut and hindgut.

22
Q

Where does the foregut and midgut end?

A

Foregut @ proximal duodenum

Midgut @ transverse colon

23
Q

What does the septum transversum form?

A

Ventral mesentary

24
Q

What does the Allantois form?

A

Median umbilical ligament

25
Q

What does the cloaca form?

A

Terminal portion of the hindgut. The cloacal membrane covers the anus.

26
Q

What forms the umbilical cord?

A

Remnants of the yolk sac and connecting stalk. When the intestinal loops herniate into the cord and are pulled back, the yolk sac is destroyed.

27
Q

What arteries supply the hindgut?

A

Superior 2/3 formed from endoderm and supplied from the inferior mesenteric artery.

Inferior 1/3 formed from ectoderm and supplied by the internal pudendal artery.

28
Q

What germ layers form the oesophagus and trachea?

A

Endoderm forms the epithelium and the mesoderm forms the cartilage and smooth muscle.

29
Q

What happens during the embryonic stage of respiratory development?

A

Lungs from a bud on the gut tube @ the level of the future oesophagus. This lengthens and pinches off forming 2 separate tubes –> 2 main branches: left and right main bronchi.

30
Q

What happens at the Canalicular stage of respiratory development? (Weeks 17-24)

A

Alveoli begin to develop. Cells start to form sacs, very thin Epithelia –> type 1 pneumocytes. Capillaries begin to invade.

31
Q

What happens during the secular stage of respiratory development (weeks 25 onwards)

A

Number of type 1 pneumocytes, alveoli and surface area increase. Type 2 pneumocytes also start to be produced.

32
Q

What stage is between the embryonic and Canalicular stage?

A

Pseudoglandular stage: Epithelia become ciliated and smooth muscle appeasers.

33
Q

What do neural crest cells differentiate from?

A

The ectoderm

34
Q

What spinal cord defects occur from cranial or caudal pores not closing?

A

Cranial pore- Anencephaly

Caudal pore- Spina Bifida

35
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Ectoderm called Neuroepithelial cells, which become neuroblasts, these form the mantle layer, or grey matter.

36
Q

What forms the white matter?

A

Neuroblasts send out fibres which form the marginal later or white matter.

Revision (12 decks)

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