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Principles > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the specific glycoprotein that the sperm binds to during fertilisation?

A

Zona pellucida

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2
Q

What happens to the head of the sperm once it has bound to the zona pellucida?

A

Acrosomal enzymes released from sperm head; the sperm digests its way into egg

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3
Q

What does sperm entry into the egg trigger?

A

Triggers cortical granule release in egg cortex triggering formation of fertilisation membrane, which is impenetrable to sperm

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4
Q

When is a fertilised egg described as a zygote?

A

When fusion of the male and female pronuclei restores the diploid number of chromosomes - day 0

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5
Q

What is the name given to the daughter cells that are formed by the multiple divisions of the zygote?

A

Blastomeres

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6
Q

Up until which point are blastomeres thought to be totipotent?

A

Until the 8 cell stage

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7
Q

What is blastocyst hatching?

A

When the blastocyst leaves the zona pellucida

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8
Q

What group of cells from the blastocyst give rise to the embryo?

A

Inner cell mast

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9
Q

What cells give rise to the trophoblast and what is its function?

A

The remaining cells that do not give rise to the embryo

Instead, they form the placenta

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10
Q

What is the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

The implanted embryo - has extended into endometrium by erosion and has contacted maternal blood supply
This occurs at 9-12 days

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11
Q

Where are the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac in relation to each other?

A

The amniotic cavity lies above the bilayered embryonic disc with the yolk sac below

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12
Q

What is the chorionic cavity?

A

A cavity which fully surrounds the embryo

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13
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of the germ layers - 2 layers (epiblast and hypoblast) becomes 3

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14
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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15
Q

Through which structure do cells migrate through during gastrulation?

A

Primitive streak

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16
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

Epidermis of skin

Nervous system

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17
Q

What does the endoderm become?

A

Lining of respiratory tract

Lining of GI tract

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18
Q

How many parts does the mesoderm divide into and around what structure?

A

3 sections around the notochord

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19
Q

What is the name given to each of the three parts of the mesoderm?

A

Paraxial
Intermediate
Lateral plate

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20
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm become?

A

The axial skeleton

Parts of dermis and voluntary muscle

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21
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm become?

A

Urogenital systems

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22
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm become?

A

Somatic part: Lining of body wall, most of dermis, parts of limbs
Visceral part: Mesothelial covering of organs, Cardiovascular system

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23
Q

What does lateral folding of the embryo do?

A

Creates a closed cavity, forming thoracic and abdominal cavities and closing fore and hind gut
Mid gut is the last to close

24
Q

What does cranial folding of the embryo do?

A

Forms the foregut and defines the thoracic cavity; developing heart tube displaced into thoracic cavity

25
Q

What does caudal folding of the embryo do?

A

Cloacal membrane and connecting stalk are displaced ventrally alongside the neck of the yolk sac, forming the hindgut, anus and the umbilical cord

26
Q

What development has occurred by the third month of pregnancy?

A

Face more human looking (position of eyes&ears)
Limbs lengthen
1° ossification centres in long bones and skull
Sex can be determined by external genitalia

27
Q

What development occurs in the 4th and 5th months of pregnancy?

A

Rapid growth in length

28
Q

What development occurs from 6 months to birth?

A

Rapid increase in weight

29
Q

When does the heart begin to develop?

A

4th week

30
Q

What two structures must grow to provide normal atrial septation in babies?

A 
Septum primum (flexible)
Septum secundum (more rigid)
31
Q

What structure allows communication between atria until birth?

A

Foramen ovale

32
Q

In which direction does blood flow between atria occur before birth?

A

Right to left, through foramen ovale

33
Q

What structure serves as a valve for the foramen ovale and how does this help its seal after birth?

A

Septum primum
After birth, direction of blood flow changes from left to right - this pins the septum primum to the septum secundum over the patent foramen ovale

34
Q

How does the muscular portion of the ventricular wall develop?

A

Grows upwards from wall of expanding ventricle

35
Q

How does the membranous portion of the ventricular wall develop?

A

Growth of tissue from Endocardial cushions

36
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the heart?

A

Visceral mesoderm

37
Q

Where is the visceral mesoderm?

A

Cranial to the developing Neural Tube

38
Q

What are the regions of the heart tube called (cranial-caudal)?

A 
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Atrium
Ventricle
Sinus venosus
39
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus become?

A

Pulmonary trunk and aorta

40
Q

What does the bulbus cordis become?

A

Trabeculated part of right ventricle

Outflow part of both ventricles

41
Q

What does the sinus venosus become?

A

Smooth part R. atrium

Coronary sinus

42
Q

What day of development does the heart tube begin to fold?

A

Day 23

43
Q

Initially, how many aortic arches are there?

A

6

44
Q

Which 3 embryonic aortic arches are important?

A

3 → common carotid aa; first part of ICA
4 → right subclavian a.; part of aortic arch
6 → sprout branches that form pulmonary aa; ductus arteriosus on left

45
Q

What are the vitelline veins and their function?

A

Drain the yolk sac

46
Q

What do the vitelline veins become?

A

Portal venous system draining gut
Hepatic sinusoids and veins
Hepatic portion of IVC

47
Q

What do the cardinal veins come to be?

A

Systemic venous system

48
Q

From which structure does the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract come from?

A

Endoderm

49
Q

From which structure does the lung tissue come from i.e. cartilidge, muscle etc?

A

Visceral mesoderm

50
Q

What are the five stages of maturation of the lungs?

A 
Embryonic
Pseudoglandular;
Canalicular
Saccular 
Alveolar
51
Q

What develops during the embryonic stage of lung maturation?

A

Respiratory diverticulum forms

Initial branching to give lungs, lobes and segments

52
Q

What develops during the pseudoglandular stage of lung maturation?

A

More branching occurs and terminal bronchioles are formed

53
Q

What develops during the canalicular stage of lung maturation?

A

Terminal Bronchioles
≥2 Respiratory bronchioles
3 – 6 alveolar ducts

54
Q

What develops during the saccular stage of lung development?

A

Terminal sacs form

Capillaries establish close contact

55
Q

What develops during the alveolar stage of lung maturation?

A

Alveoli mature

Principles (8 decks)

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