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BMS150 Midterm 2 > Embryology 2 - Neurulation, Folding, and Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Embryology 2 - Neurulation, Folding, and Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Roles of the Norochord?

A
  1. Establishes longitudinal axis and gives embryo rigidity
  2. Signals for MSK and CNS development
  3. Contributes to IV discs
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2
Q

What type of cells dive into primitive pit to develop notochord?

A

Mesenchymal cells

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3
Q

What forms when mesenchymal cells dive into primitive pit?

A

Notochordal process

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4
Q

When the notochordal process develops a lumen, what is it then called?

A

Notochordal canal

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5
Q

After the notochordal process approaches the prechordal plate, the floor of the notochordal process “fuses” with the endoderm and is called what?

A

Notochordal plate

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6
Q

Is there a canal present when the notochord is fully developed?

A

No canal present

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7
Q

Notochordal plate -> notochord transition starts _____ and progresses ______

A

Cranially; caudally

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8
Q

The notochord and its preceding structures are important what?

A

Organizers

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9
Q

What does the notochord not go beyond?

A

The prechordal plate

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10
Q

What does the pre-chordal plate develop into?

A

The oropharyngeal membrane two layer memb

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11
Q

What forms at the caudal aspect of the primitive streak? What is it the future site of?

A

Cloacal membrane two later memb. Future site of anus

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12
Q

Small, vascularized diverticulum (outpouching) from the caudal wall of umbilical vesicle, extending into connecting stalk

A

Allantois

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13
Q

What is the function of the allantois?

A

Early blood formation and bladder development

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14
Q

What is formed (overall) by neuralation?

A

Neural tube

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15
Q

First step of neuralation?

A

Notochord => neural plate

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16
Q

What does invagination of the neural plate form?

A

Neural groove with neural folds on either side

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17
Q

What forms when the neural folds fuse together?

A

Neural tube

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18
Q

What is the neural tube the primordium of?

A

CNS

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19
Q

When is neurulation complete?

A

By the end of week 4

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20
Q

What are the neural crest cells derivatives of?

A

Many structures of the PNS (mainly ganglia)

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21
Q

What is the intraembryonic mesoderm on either side of the notochord called?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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22
Q

Cuboidal masses of mesoderm on wither side of the notochord, visible along the dorsolateral surface of the embryo on each side of the neural tube?

A

Somites

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23
Q

What forms somites?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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24
Q

What do somites give rise to?

A

Most of the axial skeleton and associated musculature + dermis in those areas

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25
Q

What do the mesenchymal cells that migrate anteriorly (lateral to the notochordal process) form? What does this give rise to?

A

Cardiogenic mesoderm. Gives rise to embryonic heart primordia

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26
Q

What do the primordium of intraembryonic coelom (embryonic body cavity) appear as?

A

Isolates spaces in the lateral and cardiogenic mesoderm

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27
Q

What does the intraembryonic coelom divide the lateral mesoderm into?

A

Two layers:
1. Somatic layer = continuous with mesoderm covering amnion
2. Splanchnic layer = continuous with mesoderm covering umbilical vesicle

28
Q

What day do the coelomic spaces form a continuous cavity?

A

approx. day 21

29
Q

What are the three general structures that can be seen in the region of the lateral mesoderm?

A
  1. Somatopleure
  2. Splanchnopleure
  3. Intraembryonic coelom
30
Q

What is somatopleure?

A

Somatic mesoderm and overlying ectoderm - forms the body wall

31
Q

What is the splanchnopleure?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm and underlying intraembryonic endoderm - forms embryonic gut

32
Q

What are the 3 main cavities that the intraembryonic coelom develops into in the second month?

A
  1. Pericardial cavity
  2. Pleural cavity
  3. Peritoneal cavity
33
Q

When does embryonic folding begin?

A

End of the third week

34
Q

As the embryo folds cranially ______ begin to appear

A

Brain vesicles

35
Q

As the embryo folds laterally ____ is formed

A

Body wall

36
Q

In cranial folding, part of the umbilical vesicle is incorporated into the embryo as what?

A

The foregut

37
Q

What does the foregut lie between?

A

Brain and heart

38
Q

What separates the foregut from the stomoderum?

A

The oropharyngeal membrane

39
Q

What is the stomodeum?

A

The primordium of the mouth

40
Q

What structure lies caudal to the heart? What does it develop into?

A

Septum transversum - becomes the central tendon of the diaphragm

41
Q

The head fold moves the heart to the _____ surface of the embryo

A

Ventral

42
Q

During tail folding, part of the endodermal germ layer is incorporated into the embryo as what?

A

The hindgut

43
Q

In tail folding, the connecting stalk is now attached to the _____ surface, and the allantois is partially ________

A

Ventral; incorporated into the embryo

44
Q

What causes lateral folding?

A

Rapidly growing spinal cord and somites

45
Q

As the abdominal walls form, part of the endoderm germ layer is incorporated into the embryo as what?

A

The midgut

46
Q

After lateral folding, the connection between the midgut and umbilical vesicle is narrowed to what structure?

A

Omphaloenteric duct

47
Q

Ectoderm theme?

A
  • CNS, PNS
  • Epidermis = structure (skin, nails)
  • Neural crest cells
48
Q

Endoderm theme?

A
  • Epithelial linings of most structures in the body
  • Thyroid and parathyroid glands
49
Q

Mesoderm theme?

A
  • Everything else
50
Q

At day 22, the cranial 2/3 of the neural tube forms the ______, and the caudal 1/3 forms the ______

A

brain; spinal cord

51
Q

The first layer of the spinal cord that gives rise to all of the neurons and macroglia?

A

Ventricular zone

52
Q

What does the intermediate zone of the neural tube become populated with?

A

Primordial neuroblasts derived from the ventricular zone

53
Q

What does the outer marginal zone of the neural tube give rise to?

A

White matter tracts

54
Q

What happens when the neuroepithelial cells cease producing neuroblasts and glioblasts?

A

They differentiate into ependymal cells

55
Q

What do ependymal cells make?

A

CSF

56
Q

What are formed by sites of rapid growth of the neuroepithelium?

A

Alar and basal plates

57
Q

What separates the alar and basal plates?

A

Sulcus limitans

58
Q

Cell bodies in the alar plates form _____

A

Dorsal grey horns (afferent)

59
Q

Cell bodies in the basal plates form ______

A

Ventral and lateral grey horns

60
Q

What are the unipolar neurons in the spinal ganglia derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

61
Q

What does mesenchyme surrounding the spinal cord form?

A

Meninges

62
Q

Derivatives of neuroepithelium?

A

Neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma

63
Q

3 primary brain vesicles?

A
  1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
64
Q

During week 5, what does the prosencephalon partially divide into?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

65
Q

During week 5, what does the rhombencephalon partially divide into?

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

66
Q

As the rostral neuropore closes, what forms? What do they give rise to?

A

Two lateral outgrowths (optic vesicles)
Primordial retina and optic nerves

67
Q

Diverticula that arise more dorsally and laterally? What do they give rise to?

A

Telencephalic vesicles
Primordial cerebral hemispheres

BMS150 Midterm 2 (14 decks)

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