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IMS > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call the top and tail of an embryo?

A

Cranial and caudal

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2
Q

What do you call the front and back of an embryo?

A

Ventral and dorsal

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3
Q

What is a transverse plane of an embryo?

A

When you cut through an embryo across the waist

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4
Q

What is a sagittal section of an embryo?

A

When you divide the embryo into right and left halves

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5
Q

What is the coronal section of an embryo?

A

When you divide the embryo into ventral and dorsal

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6
Q

What is the difference between fertilisation age and menstrual age?

A

Menstrual age is measured from the first day of your last cycle - easy to identify
Fertilisation age used by embryologists - measured from fertilisation

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7
Q

When is the early development stage of pregnancy?

A

0-3 weeks

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8
Q

When is the embryonic (organogenesis) period of pregnancy?

A

3-8 weeks

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9
Q

When is the foetal period of pregnancy?

A

8-38 weeks

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10
Q

How many births in the UK have birth defects?

A

1 in 44

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11
Q

What percentage of birth defects are diagnosed prenatally/ at birth ?

A

Prenatally - 60%
At birth - 30%

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12
Q

What are the possible causes of congenital defects?

A

[put in picture of pie chart]

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13
Q

What conditions are caused by aneuploidy?

A

Patau syndrome
Edward syndrome
Down syndrome

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14
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Environmental causes of birth defects

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15
Q

What are 5 examples of teratogens?

A

Infectious agents
Chemical agents
Physical agents
Maternal disease
Deficiency

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16
Q

Between what weeks of pregnancy are teratogens at the most risk of producing a congenital defect?

A

3-8 weeks (because this is during the embryonic/ organogenesis period)

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17
Q

What are infectious teratogens?

A

Toxoplasmosis
Other (hepatitis B, syphilis)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex virus

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18
Q

What is toxoplasmosis?

A

It is a parasite
Found in cat faeces and raw meat
Causes congenital malformations

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19
Q

`What is rubella and how does it affect pregnancy?

A

Infection that passes over placenta during first 3 months of pregnancy
Causes congenital malformations

20
Q

What is cytomegalovirus and how does it affect pregnancy?

A

Virus that crosses the placenta
Infection via bodily fluids
Causes congenital malformations

21
Q

What is herpes and how does it affect pregnancy?

A

Varicella zoster virus - chickenpox
Most dangerous between 13-20 weeks
Causes congenital malformations

22
Q

Which congenital malformations does toxoplasmosis cause?

A

Inflammation of retina
Hearing loss
Enlarged liver/spleen
Hydrocephaly
Microcephaly

23
Q

Which congenital malformations does rubella cause?

A

Cloudy cornea
Intellectual disability
Microcephaly
Heart defects

24
Q

Which congenital malformations does cytomegalovirus cause?

A

Inflammation of retina
Enlarged liver/spleen
Mineral deposits on the brain [insert pic]
Microcephaly
Psychomotor impediments

25
Q

Which congenital malformations does herpes simplex virus cause?

A

Segmental skin loss
Limb hypoplasia
Microcephaly
Visual defects

26
Q

What is Zika virus and how does it affect pregnancy?

A

Spread by mosquitos, bodily fluids
Causes a fever/ rash/ joint pain/ red eyes
Causes congenital malformations

27
Q

Which congenital malformations does Zika virus cause?

A

Microcephaly
Severe cognitive disabilities

28
Q

What is thalidomide and how does it affect pregnancy?

A

It was developed in Germany in the 1950s as a morning sickness drug
Caused shortened or absent limbs
Now used to treat leprosy and HIV

29
Q

How does alcohol affect pregnancy?

A

It is a chemical teratogen
Causes growth problems, intellectual disability, impaired motor ability and coordination
Facial characteristics - small eyes, thin upper lip
More alcohol consumed during pregnancy means increased problems

30
Q

How does radiation affect pregnancy?

A

It is a physical teratogen
Causes cell death or chromosome changes
Affects central nervous system
Causes congenital malformations (microcephaly, cognitive disability, bone cancer risk)

31
Q

How can maternal disease such as uncontrolled maternal diabetes affect pregnancy?

A

Causes congenital malformations such as
Macrosomia (really big baby)
Ventricular septal defects
Spina bifida
Renal agenesis

32
Q

How dos folic acid deficiency affect pregnancy?

A

Malformations in the central nervous system
Causes congenital malformations such as spina bifida, anencephaly (neural tube doesn’t form)

33
Q

Label the features of the sperm
[insert pic]

A
34
Q

Label the features of the oocyte
[insert pic]

A
35
Q

Label the development of the ovum
[insert pic]

A
36
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

It increases the permeability of blood vessels local to the antrum.
The antrum gets larger
LH activates proteases that snip off tissue around the Graafian follicle
Oocyte erupts from Graafian follicle (Ovulation)

37
Q

What are the first 4 stages in fertilisation?

A

Capacitacion of sperm
Acrosome reaction
Formation of zygote
Fusion of pronuclei

38
Q

Where does fertilisation usually take place?

A

In the ampulla of the uterine tube

39
Q

How do the oocytes get into the uterine tube?

A

The fimbriae sweep them in

40
Q

How do the sperm know where and when to go in the uterus?

A

Oocyte produces chemoattractants which attract sperm

41
Q

Describe the steps in capacitation

A

Acrosome releases enzymes that allow sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida
Sperm initiates cortical reaction
Zona pellucida becomes impermeable

42
Q

What is the process of cells dividing during the first 4 days of fertilisation called?

A

Cleavage

43
Q

When does a zygote become a morula?

A

When it reaches 16-32 cells

44
Q

Describe the structure of the morula

A

Inner cell mass (embryoblasts)
Outer cell mass (trophoblasts)
Pocket of fluid which pushes embryoblasts to one size

45
Q

What organ systems do the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm end up forming?

A

Ectoderm - nervous system
Mesoderm - musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system
Endoderm - respiratory tract, GI tract, bladder, liver, pancreas and glands

IMS (10 decks)

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