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IMS > Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term tumour

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells divide more than they should

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2
Q

Define the term neoplasia

A

An abnormal growth of cells that may develop into a tumour

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3
Q

Define the term malignant

A

Cells grow in an uncontrolled way and can have the ability to invade local tissues and spread to distant sites via the blood and lymph system

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4
Q

Define the term benign

A

Not malignant

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5
Q

Define the term cancer

A

A malignant growth or a tumour resulting from an uncontrolled division of cells

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6
Q

Why do HeLa cells grow so fast?

A

They are self sufficient in growth signals
They are insensitive to anti-growth signals
They evade apoptosis
Sustained angiogenesis
Limitless replicative potential
Tissue invasion and metastasis

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7
Q

How does cancer affect respiration in a cell?

A

The cancer favours anaerobic respiration even in the presence of oxygen

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8
Q

What other cells make up the tumour micro environment?

A

Cancer associated fibroblast
Endothelial cells
Pericytes
Cancer stem cells
Immune inflammatory cells

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9
Q

What are the steps in carcinogenesis?

A

Cell with genetic mutation
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer

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10
Q

Name the 7 most common carcinogens

A

Tobacco smoking
Excess body weight
Alcohol
UV light
Diet
Cancer causing pathogens
Physical inactivity

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11
Q

Name the organelle…
-membrane bound
-most cells have one
-holds most of the cells genetic material

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

What in the nucleus provides structural support for the genetic material?

A

Nuclear lamina

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13
Q

What is the nucleus role in disease?

A

Autoantibodies in lupus attack the nucleus

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14
Q

Name the organelle…
-phospholipid bilayer
-contains many pores to regulate passage of molecules

A

Nuclear envelope

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15
Q

What are the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope connected to?

A

Inner connected to lamin proteins of the nucleus
Outer connected to endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

Name the organelle…
-located inside nucleus
-Made of proteins and rDNA
-site of ribosome production

A

Nucleolus

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17
Q

What is the nucleolus role in diagnosing disease?

A

The appearance of the nucleolus us used to grade cancer by pathologists

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18
Q

Name the organelle…
-site of protein synthesis
-composed of 2 subunits

A

ribosome

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19
Q

What are the roles of each of the subunits of a ribosome?

A

Large subunit binds tRNA
Small subunit binds mRNA

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20
Q

What is the role of ribosomes in treating disease?

A

The fact that eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes have a different structure makes them a target for antibiotics

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21
Q

What are the functions of free and bound ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell
Bound ribosomes make proteins for export or for membrane surface

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22
Q

Name the organelle…
-Continuous with nuclear membrane and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-site of protein synthesis
-site of protein modification

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

Name the organelle…
-originates from and stays continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum
-no ribosomes on the surface

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesise?

A

Lipids
cholesterol
Steroid hormones
Phospholipids

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25
Q

Name the organelle…
-helps process and package proteins and lipids made by endoplasmic reticulum

A

Golgi apparatus

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26
Q

Describe protein processing and secretion

A
  1. ribosomes produce proteins on RER
  2. Transport vesicles containing the proteins are pinched off the RER
  3. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane and release proteins inside
  4. Proteins are processed and stored in Golgi
  5. Vesicles containing proteins are pinched off from Golgi
  6. Exocytosis
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27
Q

Name the organelle…
-degrades unneeded or damaged proteins
-very specific
-protein complex

A

Proteasomes

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28
Q

How does the proteasome degrade unneeded or damaged proteins?

A

Using the ubiquitin proteasome system
1. Tag protein with ubiquitin
2. Proteolysis by proteasome

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29
Q

Name the organelle…
-membrane bound spheres full of hydrolases
-have a low pH
-bud from Golgi
-the recycling centre

A

Lysosomes

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30
Q

What are the functions of the lysosome?

A

Recycling old organelles into monomers
Apoptosis
Destroy micro organisms so abundant in macrophages

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31
Q

Name the organelle…
-membrane bound
-full of enzymes (oxidases)
-originate from endoplasmic reticulum

A

Peroxisomes

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32
Q

What are the functions of peroxisomes?

A

Scavenge free radicals
Lipid metabolism

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33
Q

What three components make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments

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34
Q

Which part of the cytoskeleton has the function…
-maintaining cell shape
-cell motility
-chromosome movements in cell division
-organelle movements

A

Microtubules

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35
Q

Which part of the cytoskeleton has the function…
-maintaining cell shape
-anchorage of nucleus and other organelles
-formation of nuclear lamina

A

Intermediate filaments

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36
Q

Which part of the cytoskeleton has the function…
-maintaining cell shape
-muscle contraction
-cell motility
-cell division
-changes in cell shape

A

Microfilaments

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37
Q

Name the organelle…
-double membrane
-matrix and cristae
-site of aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

38
Q

What is the role of mitochondria in disease?

A

Mutations in the mitochondrial genes cause rare but devastating mitochondrial disorders

39
Q

What are the features of mitochondrial diseases?

A

Occur when mutations are inherited in mitochondrial DNA
Rare and severe
Can only be inherited from the mother

40
Q

What are the end products of aerobic respiration?

A

Water
CO2
36 ATP

41
Q

What are the end products of anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactic acid
2 ATP

42
Q

What is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol is just the fluid filling the cell and embedding the other organelles
Cytoplasm is the cytosol + all organelles - nucleus

43
Q

What is the protoplasm?

A

Cytosol + all organelles (including nucleus)

44
Q

What do you call a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit?

A

Tissue

45
Q

What do you call a collection of tissues that together perform a certain specific function?

A

Organelle

46
Q

What do you call the embryological tissue from which all types of supporting elements are derived?

A

Mesenchyme

47
Q

What do you call the cells and tissues that support and give structure to organs, glands and other tissues in the body?

A

Stroma

48
Q

What is the stroma made up of?

A

Connective tissue
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves

49
Q

What is the difference between the parenchyma and the stroma?

A

In tissues and organs, parenchyma is the functionally specialised cells and stroma are the less specialised supporting tissue

50
Q

What do haematoxylin and eosin stain?

A

Haematoxylin stains acidic structures purple/blue (e.g. nucleus)
Eosin stains basic structures red/pink (e.g. cytoplasmic proteins)

51
Q

What is the epithelia?

A

Diverse group of tissues that include surface epithelia and solid organs

52
Q

what is surface epithelia>

A

Surface epithelia cover or line all body surfaces, cavities and tubes

53
Q

What is the function of epithelia?

A

Form a protective barrier
Regulate exchange of molecules
Synthesis and secretion of glandular products

54
Q

What are the features of epithelia?

A

Tightly packed cells
Polarity
Anchored to basement membrane
Lack blood cells
Supported by laminate propia (connective tissue)
High ability for regeneration
Connected by intercellular junctions which maintain integrity and allow communication between cells

55
Q

What types of cell to cell adhesion are there?

A

Tight junction
Adherens junction
Desmosome
Gap junction

56
Q

What types of cell to matrix adhesion are there?

A

Focal adhesion
Hemidesmosome

57
Q

What is bullous pemphigold and what causes it?

A

Autoimmune blistering skin disorder
Patients present with blisters and itching
Autoantibodies cause release of cytokines which produce an inflammatory reaction that destroys the hemidesmosomes
Causes subepidermal blisters

58
Q

What is pemphigus vulgaris and what causes it?

A

Autoimmune condition
Caused by autoantibodies against epidermal antigens
Patients present with thick crusty or blistered skin

59
Q

What does stratified and pseudostratified mean when it comes to describing epithelium?

A

Stratifies is when there are multiple layers of cells
Pseudostratified means there’s a single layer but the cells are all different heights giving a stratifies appearance

60
Q

What are some site specific adaptations of the skin?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Provides protection against abrasions and water loss
Epithelium is keratinised (cells lose their nucleus and cytoplasm for keratin making them waterproof)

61
Q

What are some site specific adaptations of the GI tract?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium
Cilia on surface

62
Q

What is a site specific adaptations of the urinary tract?

A

Specialised stratified lining that is an impermeable barrier to water and ions

63
Q

What is a site specific adaptations of the bladder wall?

A

Able to stretch to increase volume when the bladder fills with urine
Known as the transitional epithelium

64
Q

Name and describe this mesenchymal tissue
(Insert fatty tissue pic)

A

Fatty tissue
Composed of adipocytes

65
Q

Name and describe this mesenchymal tissue
(Insert bone tissue pic)

A

Three cell types
-osteoblasts
-osteoclasts
-osteocytes
Types of bones
-woven
-lamellar
-cortical
-trabecular

66
Q

Name and describe this mesenchymal tissue
(Insert tendon pic)

A

Tendon
Dense connective tissue structure
Made of collagen fibres, elastin, glycoproteins, proteoglycans and fibroblast cells

67
Q

Name and describe this mesenchymal tissue
(Insert cartilage picture)

A

Cartilage
Composed mostly of collagen
Types include…
- Hyaline cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic cartilage

68
Q

Name and describe this mesenchymal tissue
(Insert muscle pic)

A

Muscle
Types include
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth

69
Q

Marfan syndrome affects mesenchymal tissue. In what way does it do this?

A

Genetic disorder
Affects connective tissue
Leads to abnormalities in the skeleton, heart and eyes

70
Q

Name three diseases arising from abnormal mesenchymal tissues

A

Marfan syndrome (connective tissue)
Lipoma (benign tumour of fatty tissue causing soft masses under the skin)
Angiosarcoma (aggressive cancer that forms from lining of blood/lymph vessels)

71
Q

What type of adult cell am I describing?
- very high turnover
- bowel, skin, bone marrow

A

Labile cells

72
Q

What type of adult cell am I describing?
- good ability to regenerate but lower turnover
- hepatocytes, bone

A

Stable cells

73
Q

What type of adult cell am I describing?
- once it is gone, its gone and cell loss is replaced by scarring
- nerve cells, cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells

A

Permanent

74
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Growth, repair of damage, replacing tired cells
(Basically just cells dividing)

75
Q

Describe the steps in the cell cycle

A

G1 - cell growth
S phase - DNA synthesis
G2 - More growth
Mitosis - cell divides its DNA and cytoplasm

76
Q

How many chromosomes are present at the end of interphase?

A

46

77
Q

What’s the process by which 50 million sperm are made per day?

A

Spermatogenesis

78
Q

What is different about female meiosis?

A

Meiosis 2 doesn’t start until triggered by entry of sperm

79
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death that doesn’t release harmful products or cause inflammation
Can be triggered by intracellular and extracellular signals

80
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Unintended cell death as a response to injury

81
Q

What makes necrosis so bad?

A

Spillage of cell contents leads to activation of inflammatory pathways

82
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of necrosis and what do they mean?

A

Rubor = redness
Calor = heat
Tumor = swelling
Dolor = pain

83
Q

What are the 5 types of necrosis?

A

Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Gangrene
Fat

84
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

Caused by Ischaemia (lack of blood supply)
Leads to lack of oxygen to tissues
Can cause big heart attacks of even rupture the walls of the heart

85
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

When the dying cells have little supporting tissue so liquefy leaving cavities

86
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

Dead tissue is walled off
Cells are broken down but not eaten by phagocytes so clump together

87
Q

What is gangrene necrosis?

A

Tissues rot
They go black from iron deposition from degrading haemoglobin

88
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

Secondary damage to fat from internal or external cause

89
Q

Why are these cells called HeLa cells?
INSERT PIC

A

Due to the case of Henrietta Lacks

90
Q

What is the difference between a somatic and germline mutation?

A

INSERT PIC

IMS (10 decks)

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