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MFSRH part 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for primordial germ cells in women?

A

Oogonia

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2
Q

what is the name of the first cell that starts the process of oogenesis

A

primordial germ cell

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3
Q

where are primordial germ cells found in the bilaminar disc?

A

yolk sac originate from the epiblast

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4
Q

under what process do PGC differentiate to become primary follicles containing primary oocyte?

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

after birth new oocytes continue to develop (true or false)

A

false - primary oocytes reach maximum number prior to birth

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6
Q

What is the name of the cell division that causes a primary follicle containing a primary oocyte to develop into a secondary follicle

A

Meiosis I (held in prophase I )

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7
Q

What is the name of the cell division that causes a secondary follicle to mature and become an ootid

A

meiosis II (held in metaphase II)

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8
Q

draw out oogenesis cycle

A

See diagrams

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9
Q

draw the cell of a primordial follicle

A

primary oocyte surrounded by one cell layer of follicular cells

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10
Q

up until puberty describe what is changing in the follicle and oocyte

A

the oocyte remains the same, whereas the cells surrounding the oocyte become cuboidal, more layers of follicular cells develop and the zona pellucida also develops

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11
Q

when the primary follicle develops a fluid filled cavity what is the name of the follicle?

A

Antrum follicle

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12
Q

as the antrum follicle grows and the fluid gets bigger the follicle becomes larger and the oocyte moves closer to the edge of the ovary ready for ovulation. What is the name of the follicle now?

A

Graffin follicle

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13
Q

what hormone triggers ovulation

A

LH

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14
Q

following ovulation the related oocyte is now a primary or secondary oocyte?

A

secondary oocyte

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15
Q

in order for the secondary oocyte to become a zygote what must occur?

A

fertilisation of the ovum ==> zygote

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16
Q

how many primordial follicles do we have at approximately 20 weeks gestation (5 months)

A

7 million primordial follicles

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17
Q

what happens to the number of primordial follicles between birth and puberty

A

decrease

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18
Q

between birth and puberty how do primordial follicles die?

A

atresia (degeneration) and apoptosis

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19
Q

how many primordial follicles does a female baby have at birth?

A

2 million

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20
Q

how many primordial follicles will a female just entering puberty have?

A

40,000

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21
Q

during each menstrual cycle how many primordial follicles are recruited?

A

15-20

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22
Q

what hormone prevents all 15-20 primordial follicles from developing

A

OMI (oocyte maturation inhibitor)

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23
Q

how long does embryonic development take

A

8 weeks

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24
Q

after 8 weeks of embryological development what is the name of the developing embryo

A

Foetus (after 8 weeks gestation)

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25
Q

what part of the fallopian tube does fertilisation occur

A

Ampulla

26
Q

what happens to the secondary oocyte once sperm penetrates it to prevent further sperm being able to fertilise the ovum?

A

once a sperm penetrates the zona pellucida it sets the zona pellucida hard and firm so that no other sperm are able to penetrate

27
Q

how many hours after fertilisation does the first cell division occur?

A

24 hours post fertilisation

28
Q

what is the name given to the developing zygote on day 3 following fertilisation

A

Morula (mulberry) contains 16 cells

29
Q

what day does the blastocyst develop

A

day 5

30
Q

what is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst called

A

embryoblast - this will become the embryo

31
Q

what are the outer cells of the blastocyst called and what will they become

A

trophoblast - this will feed the embryo and become the the foetal part of the placenta

32
Q

On what day in the cycle does early implantation of the blastocyst occur

A

day 6 - early implantation of the blastocyst occurs on either the anterior or posterior wall of the endometrial cavity

33
Q

what day does the blastocyst implant into the endometrial lining?

A

day 7, the blastocyst is now completely implanted into the endometrium and the endometrium will heal over the top

34
Q

during week two the trophoblast divides into two new layers and the embryoblast divides into two layers
what are the names of these layers

A

Embryoblast:
1. Epiblast
2. Hypoblast

Trophoblast:
1. cytotrophoblast
2. syncytotrophoblast

35
Q

during week 2 the blastocyst cavity turns into what structure?

A

the yolk sac

36
Q

the hypoblast cells develop into a type of tissue that surrounds the yolk sac. What is the name of this cell layer?

A

hypoblasts develop into extra embryonic mesoderm (this surrounds the yolk sac)

37
Q

what is the name of the structure that connects the embryoblast to the trophoblast

A

extra embryonic mesoderm stalk, this is the precursor to the umbilical cord

38
Q

during week 3 the bilaminar disc develops into a trilaminar structure - what is the name given to this process

A

gastrulation

39
Q

name the three layers of the trilaminar structure

A

ectoderm - embryonic mesoderm (there is intra and extra embryonic) - ectoderm

40
Q

what is the rod of tissue called that develops at the primitive streak?

A

notochord

41
Q

Neuralation occurs during which week in embryonic development?

A

week 4

42
Q

what is made during the process of neuralation

A

the neural cord - this is the basis of the nervous system

43
Q

what cell layer does the neural cord develop from?

A

ectoderm

44
Q

If a mistake or lack of development occurs in week 4 during neuralation what is the potential consequence for the developing foetus?

A

NTD (neural tube defect)

45
Q

what layer of tissue do the somites develop from

A

paraxial mesoderm

46
Q

what are the three compartments of the developing digestive tract called

A

foregut, midgut and hindgut

47
Q

what is the part of the endometrium called that contributes to the placenta?

A

decidua basalis

48
Q

what cell layer makes up the lining of the digestive tract

A

endoderm

49
Q

what rotation does the digestive tract undergo between weeks 6-10

A

270 degree anti-clockwise rotation

50
Q

what proportion of people are born with a meckel’s diverticulum? what is this an embryological remnant off

A

2% of the population are born with a meckel’s diverticulum
this is an embryological remnant of the vitelline duct (the connection between the midgut and the yolk sac)n

51
Q

what does the gubernaculum become in men

A

upper part degenerates
lower part becomes the scrotal ligament

52
Q

in women what is the embryological origin of the suspensory and round ligament

A

upper part of the gubernaculum becomes the suspensory ligament
lower part of the gubernaculum becomes the round ligament

53
Q

what is the embryological remnant of the median umbilical ligament

A

Urachus

54
Q

what is the embryological remnant of the medial umbilical ligament

A

umbilical artery

55
Q

what is the name of the embryological structure that develops into the urinary bladder

A

cloaca forms the urogenital sinus

56
Q

what structures does the ectoderm develop into

A

ectoderm is the most distal layer
develops into the nervous system and skin epidermis

57
Q

what structures does the mesoderm develop

A

mesoderm is the middle cell layer
It gives rise to the following structures :-
1. Blood vessels
2. connective tissue
3. Bone
4. Reproductive system
5. muscle (skeletal and heart)

58
Q

what structures does the endoderm develop

A

endoderm is the proximal cell layer
it develops into:
1. respiratory system
2. GI tract
3. endocrine glands

59
Q

what are the names of the three layers of somites

A

dermatome, myotome and sclerotome

60
Q

what cells develop into the vertebral column

A

sclerotomes

61
Q

what cells develop into skeletal muscle

A

myotomes

MFSRH part 1 (20 decks)

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