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GIT > Embryo/Teratogenesis > Flashcards

Embryo/Teratogenesis Flashcards

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1
Q

The coeliac artery supplies the (fore/mid/hindgut).

A

Foregut

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2
Q

The Superior mesenteric artery supplies the (fore/mid/hindgut).

A

Midgut

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3
Q

The Inferior mesenteric artery supplies the (fore/mid/hindgut).

A

Hindgut

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4
Q

Which parts of the GIT arise from the foregut?

A

1) Esophagus
2) Stomach
3) 1st 2 parts of duodenum
4) Liver
5) Gallbladder

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5
Q

Where do the bones, muscles and cartilage in the head and neck region arising from?

A

Pharyngeal arches

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6
Q

In embryonic development what supplies the pharynx?

A

Thoracic aorta

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7
Q

Where do the esophageal epithelium and glands arise from?

A

Foregut endoderm

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8
Q

Where do the esophageal muscles arise from?

A

Mesoderm surrounding foregut

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9
Q

Initially, the embryonic esophageal lumen is filled, in development it undergoes ________ to become hollow.

A

Recanalisation

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10
Q

What are 3 examples of components of the GIT system is derived from the endoderm?

A

1) Mucosal epithelium
2) Mucosal glands
3) Submucosal glands

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11
Q

What are 6 examples of components of the GIT system is derived from the mesoderm?

A

1) Lamina propria
2) Muscularis mucosa
3) Submucosal connective tissue
4) Blood vessels
5) Muscularis externa
6) Adventitia/serosa

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12
Q

What component of the GIT system is derived from the neural crest cells?

A

Nerves of the submucosal and myenteric plexus

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13
Q

The dorsal border of the mesogastrium has (greater/lesser) curvature than the ventral border. During clockwise rotation, the dorsal mesogastrium would have (greater/lesser) momentum than the ventral mesogastrium.

A

Dorsal → greater curvature and momentum
Ventral → lesser curvature and momentum

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14
Q

Describe the rotation(s) of the embryonic stomach.

A

1) 90 degree clockwise → creates omental foramen (allows for communication btwn greater and lesser sacs of peritoneal cavity)

2) frontal plane → repositions superior and inferior regions of stomach

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15
Q

Rotation of the stomach brings the duodenum into position turning it into a __________ loop on the (right/left) side of the abdominal cavity.

A

C-shaped loop on the right side of the abdominal cavity

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16
Q

Initially, the embryonic duodenum lumen is filled, in development it undergoes ________ to become hollow.

A

recanalisation

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17
Q

The proximal 1/3 of the duodenum arises from the ________ while the distal 2/3 arises from the ______.

A

proximal 1/3 from foregut
distal 2/3 from midgut

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18
Q

What do the liver, gall bladder and biliary duct system arise from?

A

Liver bud/hepatic diverticulum

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19
Q

Which germ layer do hepatocytes arise from?

A

Endoderm

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20
Q

Which germ layer do Kupffer cells arise from?

A

Mesoderm

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21
Q

Which germ layer do hepatic hematopoietic tissues arise from?

A

Mesoderm

22
Q

How does the pancreas form?

A

Dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds unit to give rise to 1 pancreas as duodenum rotates

23
Q

Which germ layer do pancreatic parenchyma arise from?

A

Endoderm

24
Q

Which germ layer do pancreatic islets arise from?

A

Mesoderm

25
Q

How does the spleen form?

A

Developed from mesenchymal cells in the fold of dorsal mesogastrium

26
Q

The gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments are remnants of what embyronic structure?

A

Remnants of the dorsal mesogastrium

27
Q

What are 5 congenital anomalies associated with the foregut?

A

1) Esophageal atresia
2) Esophageal stenosis
3) Congenital hiatal hernia
4) Pyloric stenosis
5) Annular pancreas

28
Q

What is an esophageal atresia?

A

Abnormal tracheoesophageal septum (usually occurs w a tracheoesophageal fistula)
- lead to complications (eg. inflammation, infection)

29
Q

What is an esophageal stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the esophageal lumen due to failure to recanalise

30
Q

What is a congenital hiatal hernia?

A

Enlarged esophageal hiatus due to defect/weakness in diaphragmatic muscles

31
Q

What is a pyloric stenosis?

A

Hypertrophy of smooth muscle of the pyloric sphincter
- associated with forceful vomiting shortly after feeding

32
Q

What is an annular pancreas?

A

Abnormalities in rotation of ventral bud of the pancreas
- ventral bud surrounds/constricts duodenum → blockage

33
Q

Which parts of the GIT arise from the midgut (7)?

A

1) Distal 2/3 of duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Ileum
4) Coecum
5) Appendix
6) Ascending Colon
7) Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

34
Q

How does physiological herniation occur in GIT development?

A

Formation of small intestine
- Primary intestinal loop (from midgut) herniates through vitelline duct
- cranial loop → jejunal and ileal portions of small intestine
- caudal loop → coecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

35
Q

How does the large intestine form?

A

Develop as dilation of caudal limb of herniated primary intestinal loop

36
Q

What are 3 congenital anomalies associated with the midgut?

A

1) Meckel’s diverticulum
2) Congenital umbilical hernia
3) Abnormal rotation of midgut

37
Q

What is meckel’s diverticulum?

A

Remnant of vitelline duct persists as ileal diverticulum
- asymptomatic but susceptible to infections

38
Q

What is a congenital umbilical hernia?

A

Incomplete closure/weakness of umbilical ring
- weak point in abdominal wall → prone to herniation
- incomplete closure of umbilical ring → protrusion of abdominal contents

39
Q

What are 2 abnormal rotations of the midgut?

A

1) Non-rotation
2) Mixed rotation of midgut
- cephalic and cranial loops rotate incorrectly

40
Q

Which parts of the GIT arise from the hindgut (4)?

A

1) Distal 1/3 of transverse colon
2) Descending colon
3) Sigmoid colon
4) Upper part of anal canal

41
Q

The hindgut ends with the _____.

A

Cloaca

42
Q

The ______ divides the cloaca into the _____ and ______.

A

Urorectal septum
1) urogenital sinus (anterior)
2) anorectal (posterior)

43
Q

The superior 2/3 of the anorectal canal forms the _____.

A

distal portion of hindgut

44
Q

The inferior 1/3 of the anorectal canal is formed from which germ layer?

A

Ectoderm

45
Q

What is a congenital abnormality associated with the hindgut?

A

Imperforate anus

46
Q

What is an imperforate anus?

A

A congenital anorectal malformation
- normal anal opening absent at birth

47
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

Mesenchymal (connective tissue) covering passing over developing gut tube from posterior body wall.
- suspends the gut and organs within abdomen

48
Q

What does the dorsal mesentery form (5)?

A

1/2) Mesenteries of Large and Small intestine
3) Mesentery of mesocolon
4) Mesentery of mesoappendix
5) Greater omentum

49
Q

What does the ventral mesentery form (2)?

A

1) Lesser omentum
2) Falciform ligament

50
Q

What are 3 primary retroperitoneal organs?

A

1) Thoracic esophagus
2) Rectum
3) Anus

51
Q

What are 4 secondarily retroperitoneal organs?

A

1) Proximal 2/3 duodenum
2) Pancreas
3) Ascending colon
4) Descending colon

GIT (14 decks)

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