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Aubrey- Embryology > Embryo T3 > Flashcards

Embryo T3 Flashcards

1
Q

What mutant has specific behavioral defects related to the cerebellum?
Due to what abnormal cell?
Formation of what abnormal

A

Weaver
Radial glial cells in cerebellum
Formation of granular layer of the cerebellar cortex

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2
Q

What is characterized by abnormal behavior and absence of normal cortical layering?
What is defective?
What does this do?

A

Reeler
Reelin: extracellular protein defective
Reelin: may serve as a stop signal for radial neuronal migration or as an insertional signal for migrating neurons

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3
Q

A closure defect in spinal cord

A

Rachischisis

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4
Q

Spinal cord and meninges remain in place but bony covering is incomplete

A

Spine bifida occulata

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5
Q

Dura mater may be missing in the area of the defect and the arachnid layer bulge prominently beneath the skin. Spinal cord remains in place

A

Meningocele

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6
Q

Spinal cord bulges or is entirely displaced into the protruding subarachnoid space

A

Myelomeningocele

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7
Q

Major derivatives of diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Rostral patterning center?

A

FGF-8

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9
Q

What may serve as a stop signal for radial neuronal migration or as an insertional signal for migrating neurons

A

Reelin

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10
Q

Dorsal patterning center?

A

BMPs and Wnts

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11
Q

Ventral patterning center

A

Shh

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12
Q

What is the major topographical change in the myelencpehalon?

A

Pronounced expansion of the roof plate to form the thin roof overlying the fourth ventricle

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13
Q

Express of what genes is responsible for differentiation of nuclei in myelencephalon?

A

Hox genes

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14
Q

Neural crest cells are from what?

A

Neural plate

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15
Q

While in the neural tube neural crest cells are?

A

Epithelial

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16
Q

What factors are involved in breaking free of the neural tube?

A

Snail-1, Snail-2, and Foxd3

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17
Q

Neural crest cells form many components of the nervous system but do not form what?

A

Motor neurons

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18
Q

Neural crest cells from trunk transplanted into head form most neural crest derivates except
-What also differentiates

A

Cartilage or skeletal elements (even though normally do)

Some cells differentiate into cholinergic parasym instead of adrenal sympathetic normally produced

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19
Q

Pathway of cells in circumpharyngeal ridge

A

Migrate ventrally and then cranially to provide pathway for XII and related musculature

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20
Q

Most neural crest cells from somites 1-3

A

Pass into pharyngeal arches 4 and 6 or form cardiac crest

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21
Q

Neural crest cells from somites R4-R7

A

Make up vagal crest

Form parasympathetic innervation for digestive tract

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22
Q

Vagal neural crest

  • Associated with
  • Para or Sym
  • Factor
A

Gut enteric system
Parasympathetic
Mash-1

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23
Q

What maintains the competence of neural cells to differentiate into autonomic neuron?

A

Mash-1

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24
Q

What is involved in various pigment defects (white strip), deafness, cleft palate, ocular hypertelorism

  • What crest(s)
  • Mutation
A

Waardenburgs syndrome
Trunk and cranial
Pax3 mutations

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25
Q

What is characterized by coloboma, heart disease, atresia of nasal chonanae, retardation of development, genital hypoplasia in males, and anomalies of ear
-What crest(s)

A

CHARGE

Trunk and cranial

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26
Q

What is characterized by hypoplasia and reduced function of thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands and cardiovascular defects

  • What crest(s)
  • Mutation
A

DiGeorge Syndrome

Cranial

Deletion of Chr 22

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27
Q

What is a genetic disease manifested by multiple tumors of neural crest origin?

A

Neurofibromatosis

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28
Q

What is characterized by cafe au lait spots, peripheral nerve tumors, gigantism

A

Neurofibromatosis

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29
Q

Preplacodal region is induced by
Involves activation of
Involves inhibition of

A

Cranial mesoderm
Activation FGF
Inhibition of Wnt and BMP

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30
Q

In preplacodal region low concentration of BMP form

A

Placodes

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31
Q

In preplacodal region intermediate concentration of BMP form

A

Neural crest

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32
Q

In preplacodal region high concentration of BMP form

A

Neural plate

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33
Q

What induces formation of lens placed from lens ectoderm?

A

Optic vesicle

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34
Q

Absence of Pax6 in eye development

A

Optic vesicle can’t induce formation of lens placode

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35
Q

What induces ectoderm to form neural plate

A

Chordamesoderm

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36
Q

What induces neural crest to form choroid, sclera?

A

Optic cup

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37
Q

What induces the formation of lens from lens vesicle?

A

Primitive retina and neural retina

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38
Q

Corneal epithelium is induced to from cornea by what?

A

Lens vesicle

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39
Q

Optic stalk is a lateral evagination of what?

A

diencephalon

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40
Q

groove in optic vesicle is what?

A

Choroid fissure

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41
Q

What runs in the choroid fissure?

A

Hyaloid artery to posterior chamber

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42
Q

What occurs in absence of Pax6

A

Early formation of optic vesicle but rest of eye doesn’t form
Optic vesicle can’t induce lens ectoderm

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43
Q

What inhibits expression of Pax 6

A

High concentrations of Shh

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44
Q

Low concentrations of Shh in distal optic stalk permits expression of Pax6 and development of what
Leads to formation of what

A

Optic vesicle

Retina

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45
Q

High concentrations of Shh in proximal optic stalk induces what
-Fxn

A

Expression of Pax2

-Provide guidance of axons of ganglion cells from retina

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46
Q

What is necessary for corneal induction

A

Pax6

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47
Q

What is necessary for the differentiation of the pigmented retina
- Stimulated by what

A

Otx2

-Stimulated by Shh

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48
Q

What axis is fixed first?

-Established by what gradients

A

Nasotemporal (anterior-posterior) axis

-Gradients of Ephrins and receptors

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49
Q

What axis is fixed second?

-Established by

A

Dorsoventral axis

-Antagonistic actions of Shh and BMP along with ventropin, Tbx-5, Pax2, and Vax2

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50
Q

The absence of eye, lack formation of optic vesicle

-Mutation

A

Anophthalmos

-Rax

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51
Q

Small eyeball or vestigial eyeball

A

Microphthalamos

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52
Q

Nonclosure of the choroid tissue of the iris during the sixth or seventh week resulting in its persistence

A

Coloboma iridis

Coloboma

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53
Q

Rathke’s pouch is an evagination from the roof of what?

What is its primordium for the anterior pituitary

A

Stomodeal ectoderm

-Adenohypophysis

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54
Q

First arch develops into ______ because of the lack of _____ gene expression

A

Jaws

Hox

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55
Q

Expression of what keeps arch 2 from differentiating into arch 1 and forming jaws

A

Hoxa2

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56
Q

Arch I nerve

A

CN V

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57
Q

Arch 2 nerve

58
Q

Arch 3 nerve

59
Q

Arch 4 nerve

60
Q

Segmentation of cranial neural tube occurs as a result of what gene expression

61
Q

What gives rise to neural crest tissue?

A

Neural tube

62
Q

Pharyngeal arch derived musculature from

A

Mesoderm somitomeres

63
Q

Pharyngeal arch mesenchyme (no muscles) from

A

neural crest

64
Q

Frontonasal ectoderm is induced by ____ from what?

A

Shh from forebrain

65
Q

Frontonasal ectodermal zone, shaping of tip of snout is done by what

A

Shh and FGF-8

66
Q

Primordia for jaw

  • arch
  • 3 components
A

First arch
Maxillary processes
Mandibular processes
Meckel’s cartilage

67
Q

What part of Jaw primordial is from forebrain and midbrain

A

Maxillary processes

68
Q

What part of jaw primordial is from midbrain and hindbrain

A

Mandibular processes

69
Q

Meckel’s cartilage is derived from

A

Arch 1

Neural crest cells

70
Q

What forms around meckel’s cartilage

71
Q

Formation of temporomandibular joint involves early expression of what?

72
Q

Quadrate bone of meckel’s cartilage forms

73
Q

Articular bone of meckel’s cartilage forms

74
Q

Stapes is derived from what arch

75
Q

Primary palate

  • Name
  • Formed from
  • Pair/unpaired
A

Premaxilla
Median palatine process
Unpaired

76
Q

Secondary palate

  • Formed from
  • Pair/unpaired
A

lateral palatine processes

Paired

77
Q

What is necessary for tooth development to continue past the bud stage

78
Q

Primary enamel knots can give rise to secondary enamel knots which progress to what

A

Molar cusps

79
Q

Salivary gland development depends on interactions between what

A

Epithelium and underlying mesenchyme

80
Q

Branching pattern of salivary glands depends on what?

81
Q

For salivary gland development the signaling between Shh and FGF occurs where

A

Within the epithelium

Rather then between epithelium and mesenchyme

82
Q

Lack of fusion of maxillary and nasomedial processes

A

Cleft lips

83
Q

Incomplete or absent fusion of palatal shelves

A

Cleft palate

84
Q

Malformation of anterior endoderm and prechordial plate leads to this clinical

A

Holoprosencephaly

85
Q

Abnormal dentin

Blue-grey or amber brown

A

Dentinogenesis imperfecta

86
Q

Affect development of enamel

A

Amelogenesis imperfecta

87
Q

Main organizer for pharyngeal arch development is

A

Foregut endoderm

88
Q

Craniocaudal segmentation of pharyngeal arches is determined by

89
Q

Pharyngeal arch formation depends on what?

90
Q

First arch

A 
Trigeminal nerve
Meckels cartilage
Lower jaw
Malleus
Quadrate --> incus
Rhombomeeres 1 and 2
Otx-2
91
Q

Second arch

A 
Hyoid 
Facial nerve
Reichert cartilage
Lesser horn hyoid
Stapes
Styloid and stylohyoid
Muscles facial expression
Hoxa2
92
Q

Third arch

A 
Glossopharyngeal
Hyoid bone 
Upper pharynx
Greater horn hyoid
Stylopharyngeus muscle
93
Q

Fourth arch

A

Vagus

Muscles and cartilage of larynx and lower pharynx

94
Q

External auditory meatus

A

1st groove

95
Q

First pouch

A

Tympanic cavity

Auditory tube

96
Q

Second pouch

A

Fossa palatine tonsils

97
Q

Third pouch

A

Inferior parathyroid: shh

Thymus: BMP-4

98
Q

Fourth pouch

A

Superior parathyroids

99
Q

Parafollicular C cells are from what pouch

- secrete

A

Fourth pouch

-Calcitonin

100
Q

The opening of the thyroglossal duct that persists as a small pit at base of tongue

A

Foramen cecum

101
Q

which kidney is nonfunctional

A

Pronephric kidney

102
Q

Caudally to each mesonephric duct forms an evagination called
-Gives rise to

A

Ureteric bud or metanephric diverticulum

Ureter, renal pelvis, Collecting tubules

103
Q

The metanephric tubules will not form in absence of what?

A

Mesonephric duct (and vice versa)

104
Q

Prevents neurons from crossing the midline of the central nervous system

A

Slit-2 and Robo

105
Q

Uroplakins

A

Proteins that make the ureter epithelium impermeable to water

106
Q

Displayed in children with bilateral renal a genesis

Flattened nose, wide inter pupillary space, receding chin, tapering fingers, low set ear

A

Potter sequence

107
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Two kidneys fused at midline

108
Q

Thousand of cyst within parenchymal kidney

A

Polycystic kidney disease

109
Q

major defect in which the urinary bladder opens broadly onto the abdominal wall

A

Exstrophy of the bladder

110
Q

Steps in potters syndrome

A
  1. Renal agenesis –>
  2. Reduced urinary output –>
  3. Oligohydramnios–>
    4a. Hip dislocation
    4b. pulmonary hypoplasia –> death
    4c. flattened face and ears
111
Q

What is the first part of the reproductive system to develop

112
Q

The switch that determines whether the indifferent gonads develop into ovary to testis is

A

SRY on Y chromosome

113
Q

Mesonephric tubules near the gonads will

  • female
  • male
A

anastomose w/ rete cords

  • in female: rete cords will degenerate
  • in males: tubules will be retained as part of closed duct system that convey sperm to exterior
114
Q

In males the retained mesonephric tubules are called

A

Efferent ductules

115
Q

If SRY gene then get what factor

116
Q

Genital tubercle forms

A

Glans penis or clitoris

117
Q

Genital folds

A

more medial paired genital fold will fuse in male to for
-Shaft of penis
remain unfused in female
-labia minora

118
Q

Genital swellings

A

Fuse to form scrotum

Unfused to form labia majora

119
Q

What maintains meiotic competency of germ cells and without individuals would be sterile

120
Q

Primary heart field

  • Name
  • Part of heart
  • Exposure
  • Timeline
  • Express
A 
Heart crescent
Left ventricle and atria
-atria if high RA
-ventral if not RA
Most primitive
Express Hand-1
121
Q

Secondary heart field

  • Part of heart
  • Derived
  • Form
  • Express
A

Right ventricle and proximal outflow tract
Derived from pharyngeal mesoderm
Can form cardiac or skeletal muscle
Express Hand-2

122
Q

What do interstitial cells and vasculature smooth muscle form from

A

Proepicardium –> epicaridum

123
Q

Primary myocardium is guided by

124
Q

What is the first asymmetrical embryonic structure to appear

A

Cardiac tube

125
Q

Chamber myocardium is guided by

126
Q

Broader proximal part of bulbus cordis

A

Conus arteriosus

127
Q

Narrow distal part of bulbs cordis

A

Truncus arteriosus

128
Q

Interatrial septum primum

A

Downward growth from cephalic wall of single atrium to endocardial cushion
Separates atrium into left and right chambers

129
Q

Interatrial septum secundum

A

Forms to the right of septum primumand grows from dorsal to the ventral part of atrium

130
Q

Interatrail foramen primum

A

right to left atrial shunt

131
Q

Interatrail foramen secundum

A

continues right to left shunt after the foramen primum closes with fusion of the septum primum with the endocardial cushion

132
Q

Foramen ovale

  • what is it
  • where
A

Right to left atrial shunt

Space formed within the septum secundum

133
Q

Third pair aortic arches

A

Internal carotids

134
Q

First and second aortic arches

A

Degenerate

135
Q

common carotids are derived from

A

ventral aorta between 3rd and 4th aortic arches

136
Q

Fourth aortic arch

  • Right
  • Left
A

Right- Right subclavian A

Left- Aortic arch

137
Q

Fifth aortic arch

A

Degenerates

138
Q

Sixth aortic arch

  • associated with
  • dorsal portion
A

Pulmonary system

Dorsal portion becomes ductus arterioles shunt –> ligamentum arteriosus

139
Q

Right vitelline vein becomes

A

Portal vein

140
Q

Left umbilical vein becomes

A

Hepatic portal vein

141
Q

What allows oxygenated placental blood to bypass capillary network of liver

A

Ductus venosus

Aubrey- Embryology (7 decks)

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