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MABS Embryology > Embryo I > Flashcards

Embryo I Flashcards

definitions

1
Q

process in the male by which sperm are formed

A

spermatogenesis

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2
Q

comprise walls of seminiferous tubules&raquo_space; maintain environment for spermatogenic cells

A

Sertoli or sustenacular

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3
Q

provides an endless supply of stem cells called spermatogonia, some of which differentiate into primary spermatocytes

A

mitosis

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4
Q

produces haploid cells

A

meiosis

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5
Q

temperature dependent pathway in which spermatids are streamlined to produce sperm or spermatozoa

A

spermiogenesis

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6
Q

formation of eggs

A

oogenesis

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7
Q

oocyte encapsulated by a flattened single layer of stromal cells

A

primordial follicle

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8
Q

fluid filled cavity in follicle

A

antrum

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9
Q

release of the oocyte from the ovary

A

ovulation

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10
Q

“morning after” pills contain high doses of estrogens&raquo_space; disrupts estrogen/progesterone balance thereby inhibiting ovulation

A

emergency contraception

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11
Q

follicular cells remaining in ovary that secretes progesterone which is essential in maintaining enhanced uterine lining

A

corpus luteum

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12
Q

follicular cells surrounding the oocyte

A

corona radiata

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13
Q

glycoprotein covering that directly surrounds the oocyte

A

zona pellucida

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14
Q

one haploid nucleus receives no cytoplasm

A

polar body

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15
Q

mixture of sperm and glandular secretion

A

semen

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16
Q

shorten life span of sperm and greatly decrease motility in female tract

A

intrauterine devices

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17
Q

removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins from the acrosomal plasma membrane of the sperm

A

capacitation

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18
Q

activation and release of enzymes necessary to penetrate through the zona pellucida

A

acrosomal reaction

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19
Q

the process by which male and female gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote

A

phases of fertilization

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20
Q

primary enzyme responsible for penetration through corona radiata

A

hyaluronidase

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21
Q

primary enzyme responsible for penetration through zona pellucida

A

acrosin

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22
Q

after penetration of 1st sperm&raquo_space; zona becomes impermeable to penetration by other sperm

A

zona reaction

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23
Q

when 2 sperm penetrate the zona pellucida simultaneously&raquo_space; triploid fetuses spontaneously abort

A

dispermy

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24
Q

fertilization through implantation

A

pre-embryonic stage

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25
Q

implantation through 8 wk

A

embryonic stage

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26
Q

9 wk through birth

A

fetal stage

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27
Q

repeated rounds of cell division

A

cleavage of the zygote

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28
Q

solid mass of 16-32 blastomeres&raquo_space; typical stage that enters uterus

A

morula

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29
Q

fluid filled hollow with inner cell mass (embryoblast) in embryonic pole

A

blastocyst

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30
Q

outer layer of cells

A

trophoblast

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31
Q

attachment and subsequent burrowing of the blastocyst into the uterine lining

A

implantation

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32
Q

connective tissue cells of endometrium that become engorged with carbohydrates and lipids at implantation site&raquo_space; engulfed by syncytiotrophoblast

A

decidual cells

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33
Q

when an embryo implants somewhere other than the uterine lining&raquo_space; first sign typically abdominal pain during early pregnancy

A

ectopic pregnancy

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34
Q

due to scarring of uterine tubes

A

tubal pregnancy

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35
Q

(prevents cell division) upon ultrasound confirmation of tubal pregnancy

A

methotrexate

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36
Q

the process by which the bilaminar disk develops into a trilaminar disk&raquo_space; demonstrates three germ lines

A

gastrulation

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37
Q

thickening of epiblast due to proliferation and migration of cells

A

primitive streak

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38
Q

actively forms mesoderm until early fourth week&raquo_space; then diminished to insignificant structure in embryo

A

fate of a primitive streak

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39
Q

when remnants of the primitive streak persist and proliferate

A

sacrococcygeal teratoma

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40
Q

cellular rod that develops from the notochordal process

A

notochord

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41
Q

thickening of ectoderm overlying the notochordal process, often called neuroectoderm&raquo_space; first evident at approximately day 18

A

neural plate

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42
Q

formed by infolding and fusing of neural folds&raquo_space; will form CNS

A

neural tube

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43
Q

last component of neural folds to close&raquo_space; improper closing results in neural tube birth defects

A

caudal and cranial neuropores

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44
Q

forms many PNS structures (ganglia and sheaths of nerves) plus part of meninges and adrenal medulla

A

neural crest

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45
Q

enlargements of mesoderm located immediately lateral to the notochord

A

somites

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46
Q

will develop into body cavity

A

intraembryonic coelom

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47
Q

becomes body wall

A

somatopleure

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48
Q

becomes wall (but not lining) primitive gut

A

splanchnopleure

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49
Q

the development of new blood vessels&raquo_space; begins in extraembryonic mesoderm and (wall of yolk sac) and then in lateral mesoderm of embryo

A

vasculogenesis

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50
Q

formation of new blood cells&raquo_space; function of endothelial cells lining vessels of the extraembryonic mesoderm&raquo_space; does not occur in embryo until week five

A

hematogenesis

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51
Q

consist of syncytiotrophoblasts with a cytotrophoblast core&raquo_space; develop by the end of week 2

A

primary chorionic villi

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52
Q

have a mesenchymal core&raquo_space; develop during the third week

A

secondary chorionic villi

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53
Q

contain capillaries in the core due to the differentiation of mesenchymal cells&raquo_space; capillaries connected to embryonic circulation

A

tertiary chorionic villi

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54
Q

disorganized proliferating chorion (placenta) resulting from an abnomal pregnancy (

A

hydatidiform mole

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55
Q

triploid&raquo_space; 23 maternal chromosomes and 46 paternal

results from either dispermy or endoreduplication of paternal chromosomes

fetus present but not viable

very low malignancy potential

A

partial hydatidiform mole

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56
Q

46 chromosomes&raquo_space; all of paternal origin

results from an empty egg being fertilized by either two
sperm (dispermy) or a single sperm that undergoes endoreduplication

no fetus present

potential invasiveness and even metastatic malignancy

A

complete hydatidiform mole

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57
Q

lateral body wall folding toward median plane

A

lateral folds

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58
Q

gives rise to vertebrae and ribs

A

sclerotome

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59
Q

give rise to dermis of the skin on dorsum of body

60
Q

gives rise to gonads, kidney, adrenal cortex and ureter

A

intermediate mesoderm

61
Q

dermis of skin on ventral surface

serosa of ventral body cavity

migrate into limb buds&raquo_space; bones, ligaments and dermis

A

somatic mesoderm

62
Q

smooth muscle of primitive gut + derivatives

serosa of viscera

heart, blood and lymphatic vessels

bone marrow and lymphoid tissues

A

splanchnic mesoderm

63
Q

40 weeks LNMP or 38 weeks after conception

A

normal gestational period

64
Q

irregular menstrual cycles

A

oligomenorrhea

65
Q

major growth promoting factor during development&raquo_space; both mitogenic and anabolic

A

insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1)

66
Q

when an infant is at or below the tenth percentile for its expected birth weight at a given gestational age

A

intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)

67
Q

chorion, yolk sac, amnion and allantois&raquo_space; formed from embryo but do not become significant parts of fetus

A

fetal membranes

68
Q

primary site of exchange between mother and fetus

69
Q

functional layer of the gravid uterine lining that is shed after parturition

70
Q

component deep to embryo&raquo_space; will attach firmly to the chorionic villi to give rise to maternal portion of the placenta

A

decidua basalis

71
Q

superficial portion of decidua that covers the aembryonic pole&raquo_space; becomes stretched and then degenerates when compressed between the chorion and the decidua parietalis

A

decidua capsularis

72
Q

all other parts of the decidua&raquo_space; will come in contact with the growing chorion to obliterate the lumen of the uterus

A

decidua parietalis

73
Q

villi under decidua capsularis degenerate

A

smooth chorion

74
Q

villi adjacent to decidua basalis continue to grow and branch&raquo_space; becomes fetal portion of the placenta

A

bushy or villous chorion

75
Q

fragments of syncytiotrophoblast that enter maternal circulation&raquo_space; degenerate without any problems

currently in development = maternal blood used for testing fetal DNA

A

syncytial knots

76
Q

villi penetrate into myometrium (muscle layer of uterus)

A

placenta accreta

77
Q

full thickness of myometrium

A

placenta percreta

78
Q

placenta covers internal uterine os&raquo_space; bleeding during 3rd trimester and Cesarean section required

A

placenta previa

79
Q

contains allantois and umbilical vessels

A

connecting stalk

80
Q

approximately 2 cm in diameter and 50-60 cm long

A

umbilical cord at birth

81
Q

due to umbilical vessels being longer the cord itself

A

false knots

82
Q

inserts at edge of placenta

A

battledore placenta

83
Q

inserts into fetal membranes with vessels then transversing between amnion and chorion&raquo_space; easily torn

A

velamentous insertion

84
Q

result from tears in the amnion&raquo_space; origin most likely infection or toxic insult

can encircle head or extremities&raquo_space; amputations, ring constrictions or craniofacial abnormalities

A

amniotic bands

85
Q

primarily composed of maternal interstitial fluid

minor amounts produced by amniotic cells

A

amniotic fluid

86
Q

fetal excrement in the amniotic fluid&raquo_space; occurs during very late pregnancy

87
Q

too little amniotic fluid

A

oligohydramnios

88
Q

nutritional source during weeks 3 and 4

first site of hemopoiesis

incorporated as midgut during week 4&raquo_space; endoderm gives rise the epithelium of respiratory and digestive organs

site of development of primordial germ cells

89
Q

its blood vessels give rise to the umbilical vessels

allows for better exchange through placental membrane

portion becomes the urachus&raquo_space; becomes the median umbilical ligament

90
Q

rostral u-shaped portion

A

pericardial coelom

91
Q

superior lateral portions

A

pericardioperitoneal canals

92
Q

inferior lateral portions

A

peritoneal coelom

93
Q

double layer of peritoneum that originates as an extension of
the visceral peritoneum to cover an organ

A

mesenteries

94
Q

located in lateral walls of pericardioperitoneal canals

A

pleuropericardial membranes

95
Q

contribute muscle to the periphery of the diaphragm

A

lateral body walls

96
Q

typically occurs posterolaterally allowing abdominal contents to enter thoracic cavity

results in pulmonary hypoplasia that can be life threatening

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

97
Q

congenital anomalies = congenital malformations = developmental disorders present at birth

A

birth defects

98
Q

agents that cause birth defects

A

teratogens

99
Q

causes IUGR

A

cigarette smoke

100
Q

constricts uterine blood vessels

101
Q

maternal consumption believed to be most common cause of mental deficiency&raquo_space; more pronounced effects if poor nutrition also a factor

102
Q

children have behavioral and learning difficulties&raquo_space; caused by moderate consumption or 1-2 binges

A

fetal alcohol effects

103
Q

growth, physical and mental anomalies associated with children who mother was a chronic alcoholic during pregnancy

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

104
Q

cause masculinization of female fetuses

105
Q

component of birth control pills&raquo_space; VACTERL syndrome (vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheal, esophageal, renal and limb anomalies)

A

progesterone

106
Q

genital tract anomalies in both sexes and increased incidence of adenocarcinoma of the vagina later within the child

A

diethylstilbesreol (a synthetic estrogen)

107
Q

yellowing of teeth, low enamel deposition and diminished growth of long bones

A

tetracycline

108
Q

handful of cases reporting 8th cranial nerve damage

A

streptomycin

109
Q

classic example of a teratogenic drug

commonly utilized as to treat morning sickness 1957-61

causes meromelia

other medical uses but only for women on non-childbearing age

A

thalidomide

110
Q

causes mental retardation and motor dysfunctions

most commonly obtained through fish and seafood

111
Q

causes increased miscarriage, multiple anomalies, IUGR and functional deficits

maternal exposure to sub-clinical levels can cause neurobehavioral and psychomotor disturbances

most common source is dust or chips from paints used prior to 1978&raquo_space; many other potential sources as well

112
Q

produce IUGR and skin discoloration

coolant/insulator used until 1979&raquo_space; persists in environment and accumulates in sports fish

A

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

113
Q

interferes with eye and/or ear development

A

rubella (German measles)

114
Q

usually asymptomatic in mothers, but can be lethal in infants or produce mental retardation

A

cytomegalovirus

115
Q

asymptomatic in mother, but affects CNS in infants

obtained from raw meats and the feces of domesticated animals, particularly cats

A

Toxoplasma gondii

116
Q

high does rapidly kills proliferating cells&raquo_space; also a mutagen

A

radiation as a cause of birth defects

117
Q

poorly controlled diabetic mother 3-4X greater risk of birth defects, plus higher incidence of stillbirths, neonatal deaths and macrosomia

118
Q

high serum phenylalanine teratogenic for mental retardation, microcephaly and heart defects

A

phenylketouria (PKU)

119
Q

animal studies link several vitamin and mineral deficiencies to birth defects, but only two widely accepted for humans

A

nutritional deficiencies

120
Q

leads to congenital cretinism&raquo_space; results in retarded growth and brain development

A

iodine deficiency

121
Q

leads to neural tube disorders

A

folate deficiency

122
Q

narrowing of lumen

123
Q

lack of lumen

124
Q

celiac trunk is blood supply to ___?

A

foregut (distal to pharynx)

125
Q

superior mesenteric artery is blood supply to ___?

126
Q

inferior mesenteric artery is blood supply to ___?

127
Q

rapid growth to yield most of small intestine

A

cranial limb

128
Q

intestines remain herniated into umbilical cord at birth

A

omphalocele

129
Q

umbilicus does not properly close&raquo_space; abdominal contents herniate upon increased abdominal pressure

A

umbilical hernia

130
Q

incomplete closure of lateral folds resulting in protrusion of viscera

A

gastroshisis

131
Q

results in small intestine on right and entire colon on left&raquo_space; fairly common

A

nonrotation

132
Q

results in appendix located near liver

A

subhepatic cecum

133
Q

small intestine wrapped in a hernia-like mesentery sac

A

internal hernia

134
Q

twisting of intestines&raquo_space; creates obstruction

135
Q

causes anomalies when is fails to degenerate

A

omphaloenteric duct

136
Q

proximal omphaloenteric duct fails to degenerate, leaving a blind-ends pouch&raquo_space; can become inflamed and mimic appendicitis

A

Meckel’s diverticulum (ileal diverticulum)

137
Q

produces umbilicus that is open to ileum&raquo_space; allows release of digestive material

A

omphaloenteric fistula

138
Q

can become infected&raquo_space; painful with possible drainage through umbilicus

A

omphaloenteric cysts

139
Q

can allow blood bleeding through umbilicus

A

persistent fibrous cord with vitelline artery

140
Q

urethra, vagina and rectum empty into a single vestibule

A

persistent cloaca

141
Q

anal canal ends blindly, or forms fistula with vagina or urethra

A

anal agenesis, with or without fistula

142
Q

anus exists anterior to anal pit

A

anoperitoneal fistula

143
Q

nonfunctional lungs histologically resemble an exocrine gland

A

pseudoglandular period (6-16 weeks)

144
Q

development of respiratory bronchioles and distal structures + increased vascularization

A

canalicular period (16-26 weeks)

145
Q

number of alveolar sacs increases + thinning of respiratory membrane

A

terminal sac period (26 weeks to birth)

146
Q

increased number + thinning of alveoli&raquo_space; 95% of mature alveoli develop postnatal

A

alveolar period (birth to 8 years)

147
Q

premature infants lack surfactant and cannot ventilate properly

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome

MABS Embryology (17 decks)

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