Embryo

Question 1

2 structures that play a role in the translocation of the gonad and formation of the inguinal canal?

Answer 1

1. Gubernaculaum

Represents urogenital ridge mesenchyme that guides th downward displacement of gonads. It terminates at the lower anterior abdominal wall , where anterior the external genitalia are developing (labio-scotal folds). The muscles or the anterior abdominal muscles are also developing

2. Processus vaginalis

Paired finger-like moist projections of coelomic cavity (peritoneal cavity) around the gubernaculum in the lower abdominal wall. It comes from the peritoneum anterior to gubernaculaum.

Question 2

Transabdominal descend of the testis?

Answer 2

1. Anterior abdominal wall ponened and myscle dissected awayd from colomic epithelium and supporting mesenchyme.
2. Processus vaginalis lateral to epigastric vessels envelops the guvernaculum and descend
3. Transabdominal phase is hormonal dependent (insulin-like peptide hormone ILsl3 produced by Leydig cells ® GREAT gene that will make swelling and enhance descent)
4. Reaches the inguinal ring at the 26^th week
5. Passage trough the inguinal canal: androgen dependent phase, almost vertical at this time
6. Descend into the scrotum after birth (3 months)

Question 3

In female gonads, distal portion of gubernaculum forms what?

Answer 3

The round ligament of the uterus which traverse the inguinal canal

Question 4

Layers of the testis and cord?

Answer 4

1. Internal spermatic fascia (deepest layer), contains vas deferens and vessels (contacts transversalis muscle)
2. Cremasteric muscle and fascia (from internal oblique muscle)
3. External spermatic fascia (from external oblique muscle)
4. Superficial fascia (Colles fasica –> Dartos smooth muscle(

Question 5

Anomalies of testis descent into the scrotum?

Answer 5

Ectopic testis: due to abnormal gubernaculum attachment or abnormal gubernaculum integrity and function ® testis ectopic positions in the lower pelvis.

Torsion of testis: abnormal long gubernaculum may lead to “torsion” of testis (ischemia with pain)

Hernias: indirect and direct

Cryptorchidism: failure of descent of the testis