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BMS150 test 2 > embryo 2 (wk8) > Flashcards

embryo 2 (wk8) Flashcards

1
Q

what axis does the notochord develop

A

longitudinal axisw

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2
Q

what structure does notochord contribute to

A

intervertebral discs

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3
Q

what does the notochord provide signals for

A

Providessignalsfor the development of axial MSK structures and the CNS

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4
Q

how is the notochordal process formed

A

mesenchymal cells dive
into the primitive pit and migrate cephalad

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5
Q

what is the lumen in the notochordal process called

A

Notochordal canal

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6
Q

how does the notochordal process become the notochordal plate

A

notochordal process approaches the prechordal plate, the floor of the process “fuses” with the endoderm

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7
Q

how can the amniotic cavity and umbilical vesicle communicate through

A

an opening (the neurenteric canal)

– this opening is where the primitive pit opened into the notochordal canal

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8
Q

what happens to the notochordal plate to form the notochord

A

cells proliferate and fold inwards

-no canal present

▪ Notochordal plate! notochord transition starts cranially (cephally) and progresses caudally

  • After the notochord is fully-developed, the neurenteric canal is obliterated
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9
Q

what layer is absent in the floor of the plate where the neurocentric canal is

A

endoderm

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10
Q

what do the notochord and its preceding structures (process, plate) help organize?

A

-induce overlying ectoderm to develop into neural plate
-acts as central axis (divide left and right)

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11
Q

what thing does the notochord structures approach but not go beyond

A

the prechordal plate

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12
Q

what does the prechrodal plate organzie

A

cranial structures

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13
Q

what does the prechordal plate act as a stop signal for

A

notochord; prevent it from going to far anteriorly

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14
Q

what does the prechordal plate develop into

A

the oropharyngeal membrane

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15
Q

oropharyngeal membrane; how many layers and where is it found

A

2 layers; ecto and endoderm

cardiogenic mesoderm found anteriroly

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16
Q

where does the cloacal membrane form

A

caudal to the primitive streak

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17
Q

how many layers in cloacal membrane and what does it become

A

2; ecto and endoderm

future site of anus

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18
Q

what is the allantois

A

Small, vascularized diverticulum (outpouching) from the caudal wall of umbilical vesicle, extending into connecting stalk

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19
Q

what does the allantois function in

A

early blood formation and bladder development

▪ Blood vessels become umbilical arteries

▪ Small portion persists as urachus that extends from bladder to umbilical region

  • Becomes median umbilical ligament in adults
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20
Q

how does neuroectoderm form

A

Notochord induces overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate

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21
Q

what does neuroectoderm give rise to

A

Gives rise to the CNS, retina, and the tissues that arise
from the neural crest

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22
Q

on day 18, what does neural plate invagination cause formation of

A

On day 18, the neural plate invaginates to form the neural groove – neural folds are found on either side of the groove

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23
Q

how is neural tube made

A

The neural folds eventually fuse together, and form the neural tube

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24
Q

what is the structure the neural tube makes

A

is the primordium of the CNS

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25
Q

when is neuralation complete

A

end of week 4

26
Q

derivative of neural crest cells…

A

▪ Ganglia of CN V, VII, IX, X
▪ Spinal ganglia (i.e. dorsal root
ganglia)
▪ Autonomic nervous system ganglia
▪ Neurolemma sheaths of peripheral nerves
▪ Contribute to the arachnoid and pia
▪ Adrenal medulla
▪ Melanocytes
▪ Craniofacial bone and cartilage
▪ Portions of the heart

27
Q

what are the 3 structures that the intraembryonic mesoderm proliferates to from a thick column of mesoderm on the sides of the notochord

A

During the 3rd week:
▪ Intraembryonic mesoderm proliferates to form a thick
column of mesoderm on either side of the notochord
* Beside the axis of the organism (as defined by the
notochord) = paraxial mesoderm
▪ The intermediate mesoderm is found just lateral to the
paraxial mesoderm
▪ The lateral mesoderm is lateral to the intermediate mesoderm

28
Q

what are somites

A

During the 3rd – 5th week, somites develop adjacent to the neural tube

  • Somite = cuboidal masses of mesoderm on either side of the notochord, visible along the dorso-lateral surface of the embryo on each side of the neural tube
29
Q

what are the somites formed from

A
  • Formed from the paraxial mesoderm
30
Q

what do somites give rise to

A

Somites give rise to most of the axial skeleton and associated musculature, as well as the dermis in those areas

31
Q

how is primordial heart formed

A
  • During the 3rd week mesenchymal cells migrate anteriorly, lateral to the notochordal process to eventually form cardiogenic mesoderm
    ▪ Found anterior to the prechordal plate, eventually gives rise to the embryonic heart primordia
    ▪ The heart begins as a pair of tubes that are brought together by folding of the embryo
32
Q

intraembrionic coelom is found in?

A

appears as isolated spaces in the lateral mesoderm and cardiogenic mesoderm

▪ These spaces soon coalesce (join together) and form a single horseshoe-shaped intraembryonic coelom

33
Q

which 2 layers does the intra-embryonic coelom divide the lateral mesoderm into

A

▪ A somatic or parietal layer of lateral mesoderm located beneath the ectodermal epithelium and continuous with the extraembryonic mesoderm covering the amnion

▪ of lateral mesoderm next to the endoderm and continuA splanchnic or visceral layer ous with the extraembryonic mesoderm covering the umbilical vesicle

34
Q

3 regions that are in the lateral mesoderm on day 19-21that come from the intraembryonic coelom

A

Somatopleure – the somatic mesoderm and the overlying ectoderm
* Forms the body wall

▪ Splanchnopleure – the splanchnic mesoderm and the underlying intraembryonic endoderm
* Forms the embryonic gut

▪ Intraembryonic coelom in between the somatopleure and splanchnopleure

35
Q

what does the somatopleure form?

A

body wall

36
Q

what does the splanchnopleure form?

A

embryonic gut

37
Q

where in the intraembryonic coelom

A

in between the somatopleure and splanchnopleure

38
Q

during the 2nd month what does the intraemnyronic coelom develop into? hint 3 cavities

A

▪ Pericardial cavity
▪ Pleural cavity
▪ Peritoneal cavity

39
Q

2 types of folding

A

median plane= cranial-caudal folding
–> brain vesicles and somites

horizontal plane= lateral folding
–> body wall

40
Q

stomodeum

A

primordial of the mouth

41
Q

foregut

A

Part of the endoderm of the umbilical vesicle is incorporated into the embryo as the foregut

▪ The foregut lies between the brain and heart

▪ Oropharyngeal membrane separates the foregut from the stomodeum

42
Q

septum transversum

A

Septum transversum lies caudal to the heart

▪ develops into the central tendon of the diaphragm and separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity

43
Q

tail folding

A

caudal eminence (tail region) projects over the cloacal membrane (future site of anus)

Part of the endodermal germ layer is incorporated into the embryo as the hindgut

connecting stalk (primordium of umbilical cord)

44
Q

which folding makes foregut, hindgut and midgut

A

cranial folding= foregut
lateral folding= midgut
tail folding= hindgut

45
Q

what does lateral folding make

A

mid gut
omphaloenteric duct (decrease connection between midgut and umbilical vesicle)

46
Q

when does neural plate begin

A

day 19

47
Q

when does neurulation end

A

day 27

48
Q

what happens to end neuraltion

A

closure of neuropores

at this point the neural tube no longer communicates with the amniotic cavity

49
Q

when neuropore close what happens to circulation

A

After neuropore closure, a basic blood circulation has been established

50
Q

what makes the brain and spine

A
  • At day 22, the cranial 2/3 of the neural tube forms the brain, caudal 1/3 of the neural tube will form the spinal cord
51
Q

what are the 3 zones that are in the spinal cord and which one is developed first

A

ventricular zone (inner) - developed 1st

intermediate zone

outer marginal zone

52
Q

what do the 3 zones of the spinal cord become

A

ventricular zone (inner) - neurons and microglia

intermediate zone- primordial neuroblasts

outer marginal zone- white matter tracts

53
Q

what cells line the central canal of the spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

54
Q

what are the 3 primary brain vesicles

A

forebrain (prosencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon)
hindbrain (rhombenceophalon)

55
Q

what does the forebrain (prosencephalon) divide into during week 5

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

56
Q

what does the hindbrain (rhombenceophalon) divide into during week 5

A

metencephalon and myencephalon

57
Q

on day 25 what forms on the forebrain

A

2 lateral outgrowuth- optic vesicles

58
Q

what do the 2 lateral outgrowths on the forebrain turn into

A

primordia of the retinae and optic nerves

59
Q

what are the telencephalon vesicles the primordial of

A

cereberal hemisphere and lateral ventricles

60
Q

what do the three swellings of the third ventricle become

A

thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

61
Q

what are the alar plate of the spinal cord

A

dorsal gray horns

62
Q

what are the basal plates of the spinal cord

A

ventral and lateral gray horns

BMS150 test 2 (18 decks)

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