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GI Exam 1 > Embro: Digestive System and Peritoneal Membranes > Flashcards

Embro: Digestive System and Peritoneal Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 germ layers found in the GI system?

A

1. Endoderm

2. Splanchnic mesoderm

3. Neural crest cells

4. Ectoderm

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2
Q

The digestive system is made up of endoderm, ectoderm, splanchnic mesderm and NCC.

What does the endoderm make?

A

All epithelium, except the mouth and anal canal.

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3
Q

The digestive system is made up of endoderm, ectoderm, splanchnic mesderm and NCC.

What does the ectoderm make?

A
  1. Mouth (from the 1st arch)
  2. Anal canal
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4
Q

The digestive system is made up of endoderm, ectoderm, splanchnic mesderm and NCC.

What does the splanchnic mesoderm make?

A
  1. Smooth muscle
  2. Connective tissue
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5
Q

The digestive system is made up of endoderm, ectoderm, splanchnic mesderm and NCC.

What does the NCC make?

A

Autonomic ganglia

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6
Q

The endoderm is divided into three sections, the foregut, midgut and hingut. What divides them into sections?

A

yolk sac

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7
Q

What is made from foregut? (7)

A
  1. Pharynx
  2. ESO
  3. Respiratory system
  4. stomach
  5. Liver/pancreas
  6. Biliary apparatus
  7. Proximal duodenum
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8
Q

What is made from midgut? (4)

A
  1. SI, starting at the major duodenal papilla of the duodenum
  2. Cecum and appendix
  3. Ascending colon
  4. Right half of the transverse colon
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9
Q

What is made from hindgut? (5)

A
  1. left half of transverse colon,
  2. descending colon,
  3. sigmoid colon,
  4. rectum,
  5. superior anal canal
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10
Q

What are the main vessesl for foregut, midgut and hindgut?

A

celiac

superior mesenteric artery

inferior mesenteric artery

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11
Q

TE fistula abnormality: what happens?

A
  • Failure of the tracheoesophogeal folds –> midline–> and form the tracheoesophogeal septum at week 5.
    *
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12
Q

What are the two types of TE fistula?

A
  1. Esophageal atresia--> blind end ESO
  2. TE fistual–> abnormal passage between trachea and ESO
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13
Q

Where does the skeletal and smooth muscle of the esophagus come from?

A

skeletal–> mesoderm of the pharyngeal arch 4/6

smooth–> splanchnic layer of lateral plate

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14
Q

What is the best cause for TE fistula prenatally and what can be seen at birth?(6)

Remember this can be diagnosed by seeing coiling of a NG tube

A

Prenatally: polyhydramnios

Birth: coughing, gagging, cyanosis, vomiting, drooling

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15
Q

During the 4th week the stomach grows, faster on the dorsal surface.

How does it rotate and what are the degrees?

A

@ wk 4:

  1. Stomach grows faster on the dorsal surface, growing larger and forming an out-pocket.
  2. Rotate 90 on its longitudinal axis
  • Ventral part–> right
  • Right part–> dorsal
  • Dorsal part–> left
  • Left part–> ventral
  1. Rotation occurs at the AP axis
  • cranial end goes inferior and to the left
  • Inferior end goes superior and to the right
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16
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is very common, is when circular and some longitudinal muscles of the pylorus hypertrophy. What is the presentation? (3)

A
  1. immediate PROJECTILE vomiting that is nonbilious right after eating
  2. Small stool
  3. Cannot gain weight–> may lose weight
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17
Q

What vertebral level/ plane is the pylorus of the stomach at?

A

L1

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18
Q

Hepatic diverticulum gives rise to what 3 things?

A

liver, gallbladder and ventral pancreatic bud

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19
Q

In reference to the SEPTUM TRANSVERSUM, where do the liver and GB form?

A

Liver grows superiorly of the septum transversum.

GP splits off and will then fuse to the liver

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20
Q

Stroma and other cells (cupler cells) in the liver come from where?

A

mesoderm

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21
Q

Liver and biliary system all come from where?

A

SINGLE DIVERTICULUM: HEPTATIC DIVERTICULUM

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22
Q
  • Liver is a ______ organ: makes _____.
  • Bile is made by wk ____.
  • Hematopeisis: occurs during wk___- wk___
  • hematopoetic cells come from ______
A

Liver is a hematopoetic organ: makes RBC.
Bile is made by wk 12.
Hemtopeisis: wk6- wk 30
hematopoetic cells come from mesoderm

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23
Q

How does the pancreas form?

A

The pancreas begins as two buds: ventral pancreatic bud (from the hepatic diverticulum) and the dorsal pancreatic bud.

  1. Duodenum rotates right–> moving the VPB dorsally
  2. VPB will fuse with the DPB
  3. Ventral primordia will make the [head and uncinate process]
  4. Dorsal primordia will make [some of the head and tail]
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24
Q

What does the main pancreatic duct make?

A

ventral duct

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25
Q

What is annular pancreas, which presents with similar symptoms as pyloric stenosis except with bilious vomit if it is below the bile duct, without if it is above bile duct?

A

there is a bifed ventral pancreatic bud,

which wraps around the duodenum and obstructs it.

many patients are asymptionic tho

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26
Q

What determines if the annular pancreas will produce bilious vommitting?

A

Depends on the location of the stenosis

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27
Q
  1. If stenosis is superior to the major duodenal papilla—> bile in vomit?
  2. If below—>?
  3. If What if stenosis in third part of duodenum?
A
  1. N
  2. Y
  3. Y
28
Q

****Spleen is made from ____________ at week ___.

What is the purpose of the spleen?******

A
  • foregut MESODERM
  • Week 5
  • hematopoeitic organ that helps make RBC from wk 9-28
29
Q

Midgut is continouus with the ___________, which later becomes obliterated extends
to the _________

A

vitelline duct, which later becomes obliterated and extends to the umbilicis.

30
Q

Development of midgut (5 steps)

A
  1. At week 6: Midgut leaves the abdomen–> body stalk, causing the SMA to herniates to the umbilical cord d/t big LIVER and kidneys
  2. Rotates 90 degrees.
  3. distal part develops a bulge—> cecum
    cranial part becomes convulted—> SI
    Caudal part—> LI
  4. At week 10: Proximal part returns first because abdoment gets bigger
  5. Rotates 180, for a total of 270 degrees
31
Q

A distal/caudal bulge occurs where the cecum is and the proximal SI becomes convoluted. What is the final rotation back in during week 10?

A

180 degrees, the proximal (SI) part moves under the distal part (LI) to get to its mature spot (270 degress total)

32
Q

What is omphalocele which occurs during week 10?

A
  • failure of bowel to return to the body cavity,
  • bowel will be covered in amnion and peritoneum (only 90 degrees rotation occurs)
33
Q

What is gastroschisis which occurs during week 4?

A

anterior abdominal wall doesnt close, bowel exposed without peitoneum (occurs in nebraska).

usually occurs on RIGHT side

34
Q

Hirschsprungs disease or megacolon occurs is the MOST COMMON cause of neonatal obstruction due to?

A
  • NCC fail to migrate to distal colon, lack ganglion cells below to enlarged segment (no parasympathetics)
  • that enlarged section is normal
35
Q

Congential umbilical hernia s different from omphalocele; because…

A

weaking of the abdominal wall d/t increased abdominal
pressure, umbilical contents herniate out.

36
Q

Midgut can under non-rotation and reversed rotation.

What is non-rotation?

A

Midgut does not rotate 90 as it leaves the abdomen. Thus, SI is on R side and LI is on the L side. higher likelihood of obstruction

37
Q

Midgut can under non-rotation and reversed rotation.

What is reversed-rotation?

A
  • Reversed rotation- as herniating back into abdomen, rotating in opp direction.
  • Transverse colon is behind to duodenum (not anterior).
  • The duod can then cause an obstruction in the TC.
38
Q

How do we form the lumen of the GI tract?

What 2 things can happen if it goes wrong?

A
  • start with hollow gut tube—> endothelial cells fill the tube—> apoptosis occurs and recanilization occurs—> forms the lumen.
  • if not correctly done—> duplication; pouch is formed and food can get inside. or we can get a stenosis, apoptosis did not occur and get a narrowing of the canal
39
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

A
  • Vitilline duct forms a persistant attachment to the umbilicis and pulls on the ileum to the abdominal wall, creating a pouch called Meckel’s diverticulum.
40
Q

What rule does Meckels diverticulum follow?

A

RULE OF 2s:

  1. 2x more likely in M
  2. 2% of population
  3. Pouch is 2 inches long
  4. 2 feet from ileocecal junction
  5. 2 types of ectopic tissue: gastric and pancreatic
  6. Dx at 2 years old
41
Q

Sx of Meckels diverticulum

A
  1. intestinal obstruction
  2. GI bleeding
  3. bowel sepsis
42
Q

The hindgut is going to be made from what

A

1. Urorectal septum

2. Cloacha

3. Cloachal membrane

43
Q

What type of tissue is urorectal septum?

A

mesoderm

44
Q

how do we form our hindgut?

A
  1. Urorectal septum (from mesoderm) will come down and seperate the cloachal membrane into two things: urogenital membrane and anal membrane.
45
Q
  1. Urorectal septum(from mesoderm) will come down and seperate the cloachal membraneinto two things:urogenital membrane and anal membrane.

What tissue is our urogenital membrane and anal membrane from?

A

ectoderm and endoderm

46
Q

What does the urogenital membrane and anal membrane make?

A
  1. Urogenital membrane–> bladder and urethra
  2. anal membrane–> anal canal
47
Q

Anal canal comes from what embroyological sources?

A
  • 2 different embryo sources with different BS, nerves and lymphatics
    • 1. Hindgut makes the first 2/3
    • 2. Ectoderm makes the lower 1/3
48
Q

First 2/3 of anal canal is from hindgut and located above the pectinate line.

BS

Nerves

lymphatics

A
  • *BS:** inferior mesenteric a
  • *nerves:** Autonomics. no pain felt here.
  • *lymphatics-** inferior mesenteric LN
49
Q

Last 1/3 of anal canal is from ectoderm from PROCTODEUM located below the pectinate line.

BS

Nerves

lymphatics

A
  • *BS:** middle and inferior rectal a
  • *N:** pudendal n (a somatic nerve under voluntary control. pain can be felt here.
  • *lymphatics:** superficial inguinal LN
50
Q

To form the anal canal, what 2 things must happen?

what happens if they dont?

A
  1. endoderm and ectoderm layers must meet at the right place to form the anal canal
  2. urorectal septum must migrate and separate the cloaca

if they dont: anorectal malformations

51
Q

To form the peritoneal cavity, what must occur?

A

septum transversum fuses with the pleuroperitoneal membrane (somatic layer of the lateral plate), forming the diaphragm.

52
Q

To close the pericardioperitoneal canal, what occurs?

A
  • after the septum transversum and pleuroperitoneal membrane fuse, tissue body from the wall is pulled into the diaphragm to close the pericardiperitoneal canal.
  • We now have our diaphragm :)
53
Q

The septum transversum makes the central tendon of the diaphragm.

The body wall makes the peripheral muscles and the

dorsal mesentery of the esophagus makes what?

A

right and left crus of the diaphragm.

Pleuroperitoneal memabranes have no adult strucures.

54
Q

What occurs due to failure of fusion between septum transversum and pleuroperitoneal membranes… occuring on the L side and causing

  • herniation of the guts
  • hypoplastic lungs
  • polyhydramnios
A

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

55
Q

What is a mesentary?

A

double layer of serous membrane or double layer of splanchnic mesoderm

that allows BV and nerves to reach the organs.

56
Q

What is the difference between

dorsal and ventral mesentery?

A
  • dorsal mesentary–> attached to the posterior wall
  • ventral (which degenerate except for forgut) mesentary–> attached to the anterior wall
57
Q

visceral peritoneum (surrounds the organs) is from ___________

A

splanchnic mesoderm

58
Q

parietal peritoneum (lines the abdominal cavity) comes from the _________

A

somatic layer.

59
Q

What does the dorsal mesentary divide into?

A

1. Dorsal mesogastrium

2. Ventral mesogastrium

-stomach divides the two-

60
Q

What is the dorsal mesogastrium?

A
  • dorsal mesogastrium goes from [posterior body wall—> stomach]
  • 3 division:
    • splenorenal L,
    • gastroslienal L (between spleen and stomach),
    • greater omentum
61
Q

What is the ventral mesogastrium?

A
  • Ventral mesogastrum is located in between the stomach–> liver.
  • Forms the lesser omentum.
62
Q

What is the ventral mesentary?

A

Ventral mesentary forms our falciform L,

from liver-> anterior abdominal wall.

63
Q

What are the mesentaries in the midgut and hindgut?

A

1. Mesoduodenum- mesentary around duodenum

2. Mesentary proper- mesentary around the jejenum and ileum

3. Mesocolon- mesentary around the transverse and sigmoid colon

4. Mesorectum- mesentary around the rectum

64
Q

How do we form the greater omentum (made from the dorsal mesogastrium, from the dorsal mesentary?

A
  • Dorsal mesogastrium is a double layer of splanchnic mesoderm.
  • As stomach rotates, itpulls dorsal mesentary until we have long dorsal mesentary going to stomach. it will fuse.
  • Form the greater omentum (thus, it is the fusion of 2 double layers= 4 layers)
65
Q

What is the omental bursa?

nickname?

A

AKA lesser sac

- space between stomach and posterior body wall formed by the
rotation of stomach and growth of liver.

66
Q

What are the intraperitoneal organs? (7) comepletely covered in visceral peritoneum

A
  1. stomach
  2. tail pancreas
  3. 1st part duodenum
  4. Jejunum,
  5. ileum
  6. transverse colon
  7. sigmoid colon
67
Q

Fusion of the mesentaries with body walls results in secondary retroperitoneal structures. What are they?

A

1. Mesogastrium dorsal to the spleen

2. mesoduodenum

3. Ascending mesocolon

4. Descening mesocolon

GI Exam 1 (13 decks)

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