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EMA > EMA Lecture 11 > Flashcards

EMA Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What does API stand for?

A

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

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2
Q

How many APIs are used worldwide?

A

More than 3,000

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3
Q

How are pharmaceuticals in water causing problems?

A

-Interact with living systems as low doses
-Stable - slow to degrade
-Constant use leads to continuous release into the environment
(Pseudo-persistent)

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4
Q

What size are macropollutants?

A

ug 10-6 - 10-3 mg L-1 concentrations

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5
Q

What are some examples of macropollutants?

A

Organic pollutants, nutrients, acid pollutants
Effects are well understood

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6
Q

What size are micropollutants?

A

pg10-12 - 10-9 ng L-1 concentrations

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7
Q

What are some examples of micropollutants?

A

Pharmaceuticals, hormones, pesticides, nanoplastics
Impact not understood
Waste water removal ineffective

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8
Q

What does EPPPs stand for?

A

Environmentally Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants

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9
Q

How can pharmaceuticals enter the environment?

A

-Discharge from manufacturing
-Improper disposal of medicines
-Consumer use- excretion in water
-Animal husbandry and treatment
-Use of antibiotics in food production

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10
Q

What is a documented effect of pharmaceutical waste?

A

Fish changing sex due to exposure to human sewage waste

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11
Q

What does protandrous mean?

A

Males transforming into females

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12
Q

What does protogynous mean?

A

Females transforming into males

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13
Q

Name four principles of green chemistry

A

-Waste prevention
-Safer solvents and auxiliaries
-Atom economy
-Designing safer chemicals

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14
Q

What are an example of some tertiary options for wastewater treatments?

A

UVC
PEF-UVC
PEF-UVA

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15
Q

How much is removed in secondary treatment?

A

67%

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16
Q

What is the water quality indicator parameter for Biological oxygen demand? (BOD)

17
Q

What is the water quality indicator parameter for chemical oxygen demand? (COD)

18
Q

What is the water quality indicator parameter of total suspended solids (TSS)

19
Q

What is BOD?

A

Amount of DO required by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material
(20C in dark for 5 days)

20
Q

What is COD?

A

Measurement of the oxygen required to oxidize soluble and particulate organic matter in water

21
Q

What happens in primary treatment?

A

Removal of heavy solids
Chemical and physical

22
Q

What happens in secondary treatment?

A

Removal of organic matter
Biological

23
Q

What happens in tertiary treatment?

A

Removal of pathogens and nutrients
Chemical, physical and biological

EMA (6 decks)

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