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EMA > EMA- Biodiversity Lectures 5&6 > Flashcards

EMA- Biodiversity Lectures 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some measures of biodiversity?

A

-Species richness
-Diversity indices
-Rank abundance curves
-Community and ecosystem diversity

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2
Q

What does alpha (α) mean in terms of diversity?

A

The richness and evenness of individuals within a habitat unit

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3
Q

What does beta (β) mean in terms of diversity?

A

Expression of diversity between habitats/sites

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4
Q

What does gamma (γ) mean in terms of biodiversity?

A

Total diversity within a larger geographical unit

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5
Q

Scientific definition of monitoring?

A

The process of gathering information about some system state variable at different points in time for the purpose of assessing system state and drawing inferences about changes in state over time (Yoccoz et al. 2001)

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6
Q

Definition of system.

A

Ecosystem, or components such as communities, populations

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7
Q

State variables

A

Species richness, species diversity, biomass, population size

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8
Q

Why monitor biodiversity?

A

Unless trends in the state of biodiversity, and human impact on it, can be measured, there is little prospect of effectively reducing global biodiversity loss (Collen et el. 2009)

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9
Q

Definition of state variables

A

Variable within the system of interest that is used to characterised the system status (Yoccoz et al. 2001)

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10
Q

Briefly describe the Pressure-State-Response Frameworks

A

-Pressure- human activities and impacts
-State- state of the environment
-Response- Institutional and individual response

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11
Q

Give some examples of human pressures

A

-Energy
-Transport
-Agriculture
-Industry

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12
Q

Give some examples of ‘state’

A

-Air
-Water
-Land
-Living resources

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13
Q

Give some examples of responses

A

-Administrations
-Households
-Enterprises
-International

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14
Q

Give five reasons to monitor biodiversity

A

-Deliver information on trends (like abundance rates)
-Early warning to problems
-Evidence of conservation success
-Ways to make management more effective
-Information on return on conservation investment

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15
Q

What is the cycle of monitoring?

A

-Monitor- Detect a problem
-Research- cause and solution
-Action- test solution/implement solution
-Monitor- did it work?

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16
Q

What % of the EU population of harbour seals inhabit UK waters?

A

50%

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17
Q

What % of the UK harbour seal population live in Scottish waters?

A

80%

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18
Q

When do harbour seals give birth?

A

June

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19
Q

When do harbour seals moult?

A

August

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20
Q

Where do harbour seals feed?

A

40 to 50km away from haul out sites
-Consume many spp. including sandeels and gadoids

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21
Q

What are some of the possible causes of decline in harbour seals?

A

-Prey quality and density
-Increasing grey seal population- competition and aggression
-Occurrence and exposure of seals to toxins from harmful algae

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22
Q

What is the purpose of management?

A

Provides information that is useful in making informed management decisions

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23
Q

What do good monitoring programs require?

A

-Adequate planning
-Good design
-Clearly defined objectives
-Links to management, regulation and policy

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24
Q

How can biodiversity be monitored?

A

-Surveying changing in abundance of individual species/populations
-Identifying trends in abundance
-Monitor trends in species/population distribution, community composition, habitat quality

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25
Q

What are the three main aspects of biodiversity that are of primary interest?

A
  1. Number of species
  2. Overall abundance
    3.Species evenness (high evenness occurs when many species have similar abundance, with no single species dominating
26
Q

What is a problem with Shannon’s and Simpson’s indices?

A

If all species are declining at the same rate then the indices are stable, making it appear like there is no problem

27
Q

What must be done when collecting observations?

A

-Must be representative
-Random or systematic (regular intervals)
-Replicated- more samples the better
-Extrapolate results to estimate total population size/density

28
Q

Name two different sampling strategies

A

-Random with defined areas
-Regular intervals

29
Q

What factors can influence the sampling design?

A

-Type of state variable being measured
-Method being used / logistics
-Variability of the attribute across the site if known
-Time and costs of sampling

30
Q

Name five different ways to survey a population (methods)

A

-Total counts
-Timed searches
-Quadrats
-Distance sampling
-Line and ship transects

31
Q

Name four different ways to survey a population (methods)

A

-Point counts
-Trapping webs
-Removal method
-Mark-recapture techniques

32
Q

What are potential sources of error?

A

-Not undertaken at an appropriate spatial scale
-Detection error

33
Q

Describe how not undertaken at an appropriate spatial scale be a potential source of error

A

Monitoring programmes can be conducted at un-representative sites (sentinel/ vulnerable sites)

34
Q

Describe how detection error can be a potential source of error

A

First source of error in monitoring as few survey methods permit the detection of all individuals animals or all species in the surveyed area

35
Q

What can you survey using the distance sampling method?

A

Allows calculations of densities

36
Q

Describe distance sampling method

A

-Chance of detection will decrease with distance from the observer
-Estimates detection probability by measuring distances

37
Q

What does distance sampling require to be effective?

A

-A large sample size, at more than 60 observations
-Assumes all individuals on line are recorded
-Individuals do not move
Distance and angle must recorded correctly

38
Q

What is the formula for estimating abundance from distance sampling?

A

N = number of observations/ % area sampled x detection probability

39
Q

What are the two types of monitoring for marine mammals?

A

-Population monitoring
-Regional monitoring

40
Q

What is population monitoring?

A

Monitoring the status of a whole species/population

41
Q

What is regional monitoring?

A

Is monitoring of a specified region used by a s sub-set of the population

42
Q

Example of population monitoring?

A

1992 EU Habitats directive- designed to detect if a population declines more than 1% a year over a period of six years

43
Q

Example of regional monitoring

A

Special Areas of Conservation- to monitor the status of abundance between years and importance of nesting sites etc.

44
Q

Describe stage 1 of grey seal pups

A

Age 0-2 days
-Thin body
-Yellow stained
-Docile/ poorly coordinated

45
Q

Describe stage 2 of grey seal pups

A

Age 3-7 days
-Smoother bodyline
-Neck still distinguishable
-Umbilical cord atrophied
-Aware and coordinated

46
Q

Describe stage 3 of grey seal pups

A

Age 7-15 days
-Round/barrel shaped body
-Neck thickened/ indistinguishable
-Moulting from head or flippers
-May be aggressive

47
Q

Describe stage 4 of grey seal pups

A

Age 16-20 days
-Round body
-Partially moulted from torso
-Head and foreflippers moulted
-Mobile/aggressive on approach

48
Q

Describe stage 5 of grey seal pups?

A

Age 18-25+ days
-Fully moulted to short fur coat
-Speckled colouration varies
-Aggressive and mobile

49
Q

What needs to taken account of when surveying seal pups?

A

Estimate numbers that have left before the survey or born after the survey
-There is no time when all of the pups are present as pupping takes places over several months

50
Q

What is the estimated UK grey seal population in 2020?

A

157,300 individuals of 1+ age

51
Q

How many grey seals were present in the Irish 2009-2012 monitoring surveying?

A

-7,284 - 9,365 grey seal

52
Q

When are harbour seals monitored?

A

During the August moult

53
Q

How are harbour seals monitored when they are in the water?

A

-Radio-telemetry or time-depth recorders to estimate the average proportion of seals hauled-out during a survey

54
Q

What was the total UK harbour seal population in 2020?

A

43,750

55
Q

What was the Irish harbour seal population in 2011-212

A

3,500

56
Q

Monitoring protocol for grey seals?

A

-Aerial and ground pups counts in breeding period
-Birth curve from counts of live pups
-Pup estimates by region with age-specific fecundity and pup and non-pup survival rates to estimate population size

57
Q

Monitoring protocol for harbour seals?

A

-Counts during moult period August
-Ground counts and thermal aerial images
-Counts regarded as minimum estimates
-Apply correction factor to estimate population size

58
Q

What problems are there when monitoring cetaceans?

A

-Difficult to see and follow at the surface
-Can occur in low densities & are highly mobile
-For some species, a large proportion of time spent diving

59
Q

What ways does state monitor for cetaceans?

A

-Visual surveys (ship/plants/land)
-Acoustic surveys; towed hydrophones
-Stationary acoustic systems; TPOD
-Photo identification

60
Q

What are some target cetaceans for monitoring for SCANS

A

-Harbour porpoise
-White beaked dolphin
-Minke whale
-Bottlenose dolphin
-Common dolphin

EMA (6 decks)

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