ELS Q2 Quiz 1 Flashcards
what are the 3 major branches of biology
botany, zoology, microbiology
study of the different aspects of animals
zoology
study of the different aspects of plants
botany
study of the different aspects of microorganisms
microbiology
naming and classifying organisms (nomenclature and scientific naming)
Taxonomy
study of cell structure and formation, organelle and nucleus functions
cytology
study of the formation and development of organisms (zygote to offspring)
embryology
study of the structures, functions and relationships of living organisms with the environment
biology
study of structures and body parts
anatomy
study of the function of organisms and its parts
physiology
study of biological and chemical composition
biochemistry
study of heredity and variation
genetics
genetic heritage from biological parents
heredity
difference in DNA sequence
variation
study of origin of organisms
evolution
study of the relationship of organisms with the environment
ecology
study of the technology that uses biological systems, living organisms or parts
biotechnology
early form of biotechnology
fermentation
the most basic unit of life
cells
single-celled organism
unicellular
consist of more than one cell
multicelular
a level of organization in multicellular organisms
a group of cells that work together
tissues
groups of tissues working together
organs
what are the 11 organ systems? (Acronym: MURDERS LINC)
Muscular, urinary, reproductive, digestive, endocrine, respiratory, skeletal, lymphatic, integumentary, cardiovascular system
TISSUE: creates protective boundaries and is involved in the diffusion of ions and molecules
protective coverings (inside and out) and could be found inside the lining of our intestines and other internal organs.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (shape): Are flat and sheet-like in appearance
Squamous Epithelium
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (shape): are cube-like in appearance
Cuboidal Epithelium
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (shape): Are column-like in appearance, meaning they are taller than they are wide
Columnar Epithelium
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (arrangement): there’s only one layer of cells
simple
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (arrangement): made up of more than one layer of cells
stratified
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (arrangement): made up of closely packed cells that appear to be arraigned in layers because they’re different sizes, but it’s actually just one layer of cells (usually seen in columnar or cuboidal type)
pseudostratified
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (specialized function): made up of several layers of cells that become flattened when stretched
transitional epithelium
TISSUE: underlies and supports other tissue types. it connects
connective tissues
CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
→ loosely compacted tissues
→ Contracts to initiate movement in
the tissue
→ They form the subcutaneous layer
under the skin along with adipose tissues, attaching muscles and other structures to the skin.
→ The fibers and cells are loosely arranged in the semi-fluid matrix. They are found between many organs as a filling and act as a shock absorber and reservoir for salt and fluid.
loose connective tissue
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE: they are present under the skin and store fat. it acts as a shock absorber and helps in maintaining body temperature in colder environments
Adipose tissue
ADIPOSE TISSUE: protect kidneys and are found at the back of the eye, in the hump of camels, blubber of whales, etc
White adipose tissues
ADIPOSE TISSUE: found in infants, polar bears, and penguins, and other animals found in cold regions. It contains more mitochondria and generates 20 times more health as compared to the other fat. it releases metabolic heat
brown adipose tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE: fibroblast cells and fivers are compactly packed. their main function is to support and transmit mechanical forces. the are less flexible than loose connective tissues.
dense connective tissue
how many muscles does the human body have?
about 600
CONNECTIVE TISSUE: they are supportive connective tissues that help in maintaining correct posture and support internal organs, e.g. cartilage and bone (Ex: blood and lymph)
special/fluid connective tissue
TISSUE: it has a range of functions from pumping blood and supporting movement. these movements may be voluntary or involuntary
MUCLE TISSUES
MUSCLE TISSUE: muscle of the heart. usually involuntary muscles. they are striated, branched, and uninucleated.
cardiac
MUSCLE TISSUE: usually covering the wall of internal organs. are usually involuntary muscles. they are non-striated, spindle-shaped, and uninucleated
smooth
MUSCLE TISSUE: it is attached to skeletons. are usually voluntary muscles. they are striated, tubular, and multi nucleated
skeletal
TISSUE: transmits and integrates information through the central and peripheral nervous system. they are irreplaceable
nervous tissue
a group of tissues working together
organ
different organs that work in the same functions
organ system
an individual living thing which exhibits all the properties of life
organism
group of organisms that live together
population
group of different populations. an interacting group of various species in a common location.
community
Is a structural and functional unit of ecology where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment
ecosystem
who is the father of taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
a two-term naming system for living things (genus and species)
binomial nomenclature
ETOTOOL: universe and various form of life were created by God out of nothing (6 days)
Note: ETOTOOL = early theories on the origin of life
Divine creation (creationism)
ETOTOOL: non living forms living things
abiogenesis
ABIOGENESIS:
● boil broth that has plant and animal materials for a short time hoping that microbes die then seal the flask and after a few days the flask has gone turbid which means that microbes grew
● he that microbes are but in reality, the boiling process was not enough and microbes
survived
John Needham
ABIOGENESIS:
→ Proposes that the conditions prevailing on earth, life arose from a series of chemical conditions or reactions
→ The first form of life came from a pre existing and non organic molecule
★ These are usually Proteins which can be diverse
Alexander Oparin and Haldane
ABIOGENESIS:
They did the theory of Oparin and Haldane
→ From a non living thing, they used an array or an experiment. With this, they were able to create life.
They used an activator which is lightning. When energy was released, it evolved.
→ This somehow supports the claim of abiogenesis theory
Harold Urey and Stanley Miller
All lives come from non-living things or inanimate objects
Aristotelian Abiogenesis
ETOTOOL: life coming from life
chicken laying eggs, humans giving birth
Biogenesis
BIOGENESIS:
●prove that maggots do not spontaneously appear in meat
● flies no direct contact on meat → no eggs → no maggots
Francesco Redi
BIOGENESIS:
●reviewed Redi’s and Needham’s experiment
● boiling of broth was not enough
● replicated the experiment with 2
containers
○ with seal: broth is clear – no
microbe
○ without seal: broth is turbid -
has microbe
● turning point in rejecting abiogenesis
● “heated but sealed flasks remained clear, without any signs of spontaneous
growth, unless the flasks were subsequently opened to the air. This suggested that microbes were introduced into the flasks by air”
Lazzaro Spallanzi
BIOGENESIS
● boiling the broth kills microorganisms
● used a u-shaped flask. he heated it and opened it.
● the curve of the flask prevents outside
air from entering the flask – no contamination occurs
● when the neck of the flask is broken off, bacteria reaches the sterile broth and organism growth occurs
Louis Pasteur
BIOGENESIS: Life is from outer space
Panspermia Theory aka Cosmozoic Theory
Who proposed the Panspermia Theory?
Svants Arrhenius
EVOLUTION:
● believed that through this interplay of forces on elements, the earth gave rise to its inhabitants
● all matter was composed of 4 (four)
Empedocles
● genetics as a way to understand inheritance of physical traits
● one of the pioneers of genetics
● Theory of Pangenesis
○ particles from both mother and father are responsible for the characters of the child
Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis
EVOLUTION:
● morphological and anatomical similarities among species
● common evolutionary ancestor
● homologous and analogous
Carl Von Linne (Carl Linnaeus)
EVOLUTION:
● Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
○ species , give and share
○ populations of living organisms adapt and change, more chance of survival
○ survival of the fittest
Charles Darwin
EVOLUTION:
● when environments changed, organisms had behavior change to survive
● giraffe:
○ original short-necked ancestor
○ keeps stretching neck to reach
leaves higher on tree
○ continuously stretched
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
EVOLUTION:
● chemistry with evolution of natural selection
● organic and inorganic compounds undergone a
leading to more and more
molecules
● complex molecules – materials for lifeforms to evolve
Alexander Oparin
EVOLUTION:
● life arose gradually from organic molecules
● inorganic materials with energy from the sunlight
● first life forms appeared in warm primitive oceans
Alexander Oparin & John Haldane
EVOLUTION:
● Urey-Miller Experiment
● demonstrated that several organic
could be formed
● conditions: earth not livable, no oxygen and harmful gases
● proved Oparin and Haldane’s idea
Harold Urey & Stanley Miller
EVOLUTION:
● synthesis of urea – organic component of urine
● urea without the use of kidneys
● no supernatural forces involved
Friedrich Wohler
EVOLUTION:
● panspermia “seeds everywhere”
○ “seeds” of life exist all over the universe and can be
propagated
○ through space from one
location to another
● life came to earth as microbes from space
● through meteors or cosmic dust
Svante Arrhenius
Refers to the increase in all parts of the body brought by the tissues, division, or enlargement.
Growth
GROWTH: a living organism grows inside going out. We would eat, take the nutrients from it, and grow from inside going out.
Intussusception
GROWTH: Non living things also grow through the process of ____. it is from outside.
● increase in size and mass of an organism
● in humans: increase in age, size, weight or height
accretion
● transformation of the organism as it goes through the growth processes
● not only grows physically, but also
mentally, and physiologically
● caterpillar to butterfly
Development
trying to ensure that organism would succeed in number. it’s the production of new cells.
reproduction
Existing
extant
gone forever
extinct
REPRODUCTION:
○ producing offspring by the
joining of sex cells
○ regular specialized cells; slow
sexual reproduction
REPRODUCTION
○ producing offspring use of gametes;
○ regular specialized cells; fast
○ regeneration/fragmentation,
starfish
asexual reproduction
sum of all chemical and physical reactions in the body that allows organisms to grow and retain its structure through nutrient update, processing, and waste elimination
metabolism
METABOLISM: Breaking down to harvest energy and molecules
It’s like food. When we eat rice, it will dissolve. In the mouth there is saliva amylase that destroys the amylase in rice. When we eat protein, it will also be broken down into simpler molecules of nucleotides.
catabolism
METABOLISM: use of energy to build up molecules
Once these things are being processed and they are broken down, at the end of the process it will go in building up especially the nuclides. Those nucleotides will attract each other towards each other. They would be paired with each other. So suppose, the muscle, when you eat protein, your muscle will grow because protein is the building blocks of muscle. So when you eat rice, fats will build up.
Anabolism
living organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain the relatively narrow range of conditions needed for cell function
homeostasis
