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ELS Flashcards

1
Q

are geological processes that
occur beneath the surface of the Earth. It is associated with energy originating in the interior of the solid earth.

A

ENDOGENIC PROCESS

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2
Q

The ground we live on is moving all the time. The forces within the earth that cause the ground to move are called

A

ENDOGENIC PROCESS

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3
Q

is the process of changing
materials that make up the rock. The chemical components and geologic characteristics of the rock change because of exposure to heat & pressure.
It is an endogenic process that occurs when there are pressure and heat applied to geologic structures which leads to the formation of Metamorphic Rocks.

A

METAMOPHISM

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4
Q

describes the process by which rocks are folded and faulted.

A

DEFORMATION

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5
Q

is the force applied to an object.

A

STRESS

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6
Q

It is the push or
squeeze against one
another where the
stress produced is
directed towards the
center and the crust
becomes shorter and
thicker, building
mountain ranges like
Alps or Himalayas.

A

COMPRESSION

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7
Q

are the up and
down folds that usually occur together
and are caused by compressional stress.

A

Anticlines and synclines

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8
Q

are folds in which each half of
the fold dips away from the crest.
Synclines are folds in which each half of
the fold dips toward the trough of the Fold.

A

Anticlines

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9
Q

are folds in which each half of
the fold dips toward the trough of the
fold.

A

Synclines

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10
Q

This intensely folded limestone from
Highland County shows how anticlines
and synclines typically occur together.
These sharp folds are called

A

“chevron”

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11
Q

It occurs as tectonic plates are pulled apart and crust becomes thinner.
Rocks near to the surface become faulted, sometimes producing rift valleys.
It refers to stress which stretches rocks in two opposite directions. The
rocks become longer in a lateral direction and thinner in a vertical direction

A

TENSION

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12
Q

Some of the
portions of a plate at the
edge may break away in
different directions.
Eventually making the
plate smaller inside.

When forces are parallel
but moving in opposite
directions, the stress is
called

A

SHEAR

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13
Q

It is the fracturing and displacement of more brittle rock strata along
a fault plane either caused by tension or compression. A break in
rock along which a vertical or horizontal rock movement has occurred is called

A

FAULT

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14
Q

These lines are often lines of weakness that allow the molten rock to rise onto the Earth’s surface when there is active
volcanic activity nearby.

A

FAULT LINE

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15
Q

form when the hanging wall drops down. The forces that create. normal faults are pulling the sides apart, or extensional.

A

normal faults

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16
Q

form when the hanging wall moves up. The forces creating. reverse faults are compressional, pushing the sides together.

A

reverse faults

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17
Q

have walls that move sideways, not up or
down.

A

Transcurrent or Strike-slip faults

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18
Q

Heat generated
during earth’s
formation

A

PRIMORDIAL HEAT

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19
Q

Heat generated by
long-term radioactive Decay

A

RADIOACTIVE HEAT

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20
Q

energy is transferred by direct contact

A

CONDUCTION

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21
Q

energy is transferred by the mass motion of molecules

A

CONVECTON

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22
Q

energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation

A

RADIATION

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23
Q

It happens when magma generated and
develops into igneous rocks.

A

MAGMATISM

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24
Q

The rising magma in mantle
convection cell brings heat to the surface, transferring heat to the overlying rocks.

A

MID-OCEANIC RIDGES

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25
Q

The transfer of heat due to the
convection is accompanied by a decrease in pressure or decompression associated with the spreading of the tectonic plates.

A

MID-OCEANIC RIDGES

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26
Q

The transfer of heat and the compression result to magma generation. The source of heat for mantle plumes is much deeper.

It is a proposed mechanism of convection of abnormally hot rock within the
Earth’s mantle. Because the plume head partly melts on reaching shallow
depths, a plume is often invoked as the cause of volcanic hotspots

A

MANTLE PLUMS

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27
Q

are sites of the gravitational
sinking of Earth’s lithosphere (the crust plus the top non-convecting portion of the upper mantle). It exists at convergent plate boundaries where one plate of oceanic
Lithosphere converges with another plate.

A

SUBDUCTION ZONES

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28
Q

It is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid- surface planet or moon,
where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent. It includes all phenomena resulting from and causing magma within the crust or mantle of the body, to rise through the crust and form volcanic rocks on the surface.

A

VOLCANISM

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29
Q

is a type of volcanic
eruption in which lava steadily flows out of a
volcano onto the ground.
For an effusive eruption to occur, magma must be permeable enough to allow the expulsion of gas bubbles contained within it.

A

effusive eruption

30
Q

It is a volcanic eruption of the most violent type. A notable example is the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Such eruptions result when sufficient gas has Dissolved under pressure within a viscous magma such
that expelled lava violently froths into volcanic ash when pressure is suddenly lowered at the vent. Sometimes
a lava plug will block the conduit to the summit, and when this occurs, eruptions are more violent.

An explosive eruption always begins with some form of blockage in the crater of a volcano that prevents the release of gases trapped in highly viscous andesitic or
rhyolitic magma

A

EXPLOSIVE ERUPTION

31
Q

is a science dealing with the life of past geological periods as known from fossil remains

A

Paleontology

32
Q

a theological doctrine which states that the universe and all life in it originated in its present form by unconditional fiat or divine decree.

Life-forms may have been put in Earth by supernatural or divine forces called, God.

A

SPECIAL CREATION THEORY

33
Q

Life may have infected earth from some other planet. The theory of panspermia proposed that meteors or cosmic dust may have carried significant amount of complex organic molecules to Earth, kicking off the evolution of life.

A

Extraterrestrial origin

34
Q

the theory that life on the earth originated from microorganisms or chemical precursors

A

PANSPERMIA

35
Q

Life may have evolved from inanimate matter, as associations among molecules became more and more complex.

As changes in molecules increased their stability and caused them to persist longer, these molecules could initiate more and more complex associations, culminating in the evolution of cells.

A

SPONTANEOUS ORIGIN

36
Q

Suggests that the original molecules of life are formed within the clay. It suggests that clay that, as it crystallizes, sticks together, is capable of bringing in more clay (because the clay will stick to it)–and thus start a mechanism for selecting replicating materials.

A

COMMUNITY CLAY

37
Q

Deep under the Earth’s seas, there are vents where seawater comes into contact with minerals from the planet’s crust, reacting to create a warm, alkaline environment containing hydrogen.

A

DEEP SEA VENT

38
Q

The layers of ice, hundreds of feet thick might have protected fragile organic compounds in the water below from destructive ultraviolet rays, 3 billion years ago. The cold temperature had helped the molecules to survive longer.
Scientists argue that microscopic pockets of water within ancient ice may have gathered simple molecules, which assemble into longer and longer chains, forming the foundation for life. They believe life began inside hundreds of feet of ice that supposedly covered the early oceans.

A

CHILLY START

39
Q

The theory states that if energy is added to the gases that made up Earth’s early atmosphere, the building blocks of life would be created

A

PRIMORDIAL SOUP

40
Q

who proposed the primordial soup

A

ALEXANDER ORPARIN AND JOHN HALDANE

41
Q

Lightning may have provided the spark needed for life to begin, electric sparks generate chemical reactions of amino acid and sugars with an atmosphere loaded with water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen. Those molecules might have become organized into living cells.

A

ELECTRIC SPARK

42
Q

The aim was to see if substances now made by living things could be formed in the conditions thought to have existed on the early Earth.

A

THE MILLER UREY EXPERIMENT

43
Q

who carried out the miller urey experiment

A

STANLEY MILLER AND HAROLD UREY

44
Q

CENOZOIC ERA CONSISTS OF WHAT PERIODS

A

HOLOCENE
PLEISTOCENE
OLIGOCENE
MIOCENE
PLIOCENE
EOCENE
PALEOCENE

45
Q

MESOZOIC ERA CONSISTS OF WHAT PERIODS

A

JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
CRETACEOUS

46
Q

PALEOZOIC ERA CONSISTS OF WHAT PERIODS

A

PERMIAN
CARBONIFEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN

47
Q

THE EARTH WAS MOSTLY WATER WITH SOME VOLCANIC ISLANDS

A

PRECAMBRIAN PERIOD

48
Q

The age of the dinosaurs and lasted almost 180 million years from approximately 250 to 65 million years ago. This era includes 3 well known periods called the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods. A mass-extinction marked the beginning and end of the Mesozoic Era.

A

MESOZOIC ERA

49
Q

CENOZOIC ERA CONSISTS OF WHAT PERIODS

A

TERTIARY
QUATERNARY

50
Q

TERTIARY PERIOD CONSISTS OF WHAT EPOCHS

A

OLIGOCENE
MIOCENE
PLIOCENE
EOCENE
PALEOCENE

51
Q

QUATERNARY PERIOD CONSISTS OF WHAT EPOCHS

A

HOLOCENE
PLEISTOCENE

52
Q

the third of the major eras of Earth’s history, beginning about 66 million
years ago and extending to the present. It was the interval of time during which the
continents assumed their modern configuration and geographic positions and during

which Earth’s flora and fauna evolved toward those of the present.

A

CENOZOIC ERA

53
Q

CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD CONSISTS OF WHAT EPOCHS

A

PENNSYLVANIAN
MISSISSIPPIAN

54
Q

550 – 505 MYA
First trilobites, forams, brachiopods, nautiloids, clams, snail, crustaceans, crinoids, gastropods, corals, and protozoans.

A

cambrian period

55
Q

505 – 438 MYA

First starfish, sea urchins, blastoids, eurypterids, bryozoa, scaphopods, jawless fish, and echinoids

A

ORDOVICIAN PERIOD

56
Q

438 - 408 MYA

First plants, ferns, sharks, boney fish, and scorpions.

A

silurian period

57
Q

408 - 360 MYA age of fish

First insects, tetrapods, ammonites, and placoderms

A

devonian period

58
Q

360-325 MYA
First reptiles, spiders,
and amphibians

A

MISSISSIPIAN EPOCH
360-325 MYA

59
Q

360-325 MYA
First reptiles, spiders,
and amphibians

A

MISSISSIPIAN EPOCH

60
Q

360-325 MYA
First reptiles, spiders,
and amphibians

A

MISSISSIPIAN EPOCH

61
Q

325 – 285 MYA
First conifers and
synapsids

A

PENNSYLVANIAN
EPOCH

62
Q

286 - 248 MYA

Heyday of synapsids, including pelycosaurs.

A

permian period

63
Q

248 – 213 MYA

First turtles, cycads, lizards, dinosaurs, and mammals.

A

triassic period

64
Q

213 - 145 MYA

First squids, frogs, birds and salamanders.

A

JURASSIC PERIOD

65
Q

145 – 65 MYA

First flowering plants, snakes, modern fish, rise and fall of toothed birds,

heyday of dinosaurs.

A

CRETACEOUS PERIOD

66
Q

65 – 55.5 MYA

Diversification of mammals

A

PALEOCENE EPOCH

67
Q

55.5 – 33.7 MYA

First marine and large terrestrial animals, horses, whales, and monkey.

A

EOCENE EPOCH

68
Q

33.7 – 23.8 MYA
First grasses,
apes,
anthropoids.

A

OLIGOCENE EPOCH

69
Q

23.8 – 5.3 MYA
First hominids.

A

MIOCENE EPOCH

70
Q

5.3 – 1.8 MYA
First australophithecones.

A

PLIOCENE EPOCH

71
Q

1.8 MYA – 8,000 years ago

Mammoths, Mastodons, and Neanderthals.

A

PLEISTOCENE EPOCH

72
Q

8,000 years ago - PRESENT
First modern human being.

A

HOLOCENE EPOCH

finals (6 decks)

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