ELS

Question 1

are geological processes that
occur beneath the surface of the Earth. It is associated with energy originating in the interior of the solid earth.

Answer 1

ENDOGENIC PROCESS

Question 2

The ground we live on is moving all the time. The forces within the earth that cause the ground to move are called

Answer 2

ENDOGENIC PROCESS

Question 3

is the process of changing
materials that make up the rock. The chemical components and geologic characteristics of the rock change because of exposure to heat & pressure.
It is an endogenic process that occurs when there are pressure and heat applied to geologic structures which leads to the formation of Metamorphic Rocks.

Answer 3

METAMOPHISM

Question 4

describes the process by which rocks are folded and faulted.

Answer 4

DEFORMATION

Question 5

is the force applied to an object.

Answer 5

STRESS

Question 6

It is the push or
squeeze against one
another where the
stress produced is
directed towards the
center and the crust
becomes shorter and
thicker, building
mountain ranges like
Alps or Himalayas.

Answer 6

COMPRESSION

Question 7

are the up and
down folds that usually occur together
and are caused by compressional stress.

Answer 7

Anticlines and synclines

Question 8

are folds in which each half of
the fold dips away from the crest.
Synclines are folds in which each half of
the fold dips toward the trough of the Fold.

Answer 8

Anticlines

Question 9

are folds in which each half of
the fold dips toward the trough of the
fold.

Answer 9

Synclines

Question 10

This intensely folded limestone from
Highland County shows how anticlines
and synclines typically occur together.
These sharp folds are called

Answer 10

“chevron”

Question 11

It occurs as tectonic plates are pulled apart and crust becomes thinner.
Rocks near to the surface become faulted, sometimes producing rift valleys.
It refers to stress which stretches rocks in two opposite directions. The
rocks become longer in a lateral direction and thinner in a vertical direction

Answer 11

TENSION

Question 12

Some of the
portions of a plate at the
edge may break away in
different directions.
Eventually making the
plate smaller inside.

When forces are parallel
but moving in opposite
directions, the stress is
called

Answer 12

SHEAR

Question 13

It is the fracturing and displacement of more brittle rock strata along
a fault plane either caused by tension or compression. A break in
rock along which a vertical or horizontal rock movement has occurred is called

Answer 13

FAULT

Question 14

These lines are often lines of weakness that allow the molten rock to rise onto the Earth’s surface when there is active
volcanic activity nearby.

Answer 14

FAULT LINE

Question 15

form when the hanging wall drops down. The forces that create. normal faults are pulling the sides apart, or extensional.

Answer 15

normal faults

Question 16

form when the hanging wall moves up. The forces creating. reverse faults are compressional, pushing the sides together.

Answer 16

reverse faults

Question 17

have walls that move sideways, not up or
down.

Answer 17

Transcurrent or Strike-slip faults

Question 18

Heat generated
during earth’s
formation

Answer 18

PRIMORDIAL HEAT

Question 19

Heat generated by
long-term radioactive Decay

Answer 19

RADIOACTIVE HEAT

Question 20

energy is transferred by direct contact

Answer 20

CONDUCTION

Question 21

energy is transferred by the mass motion of molecules

Answer 21

CONVECTON

Question 22

energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation

Answer 22

RADIATION

Question 23

It happens when magma generated and
develops into igneous rocks.

Answer 23

MAGMATISM

Question 24

The rising magma in mantle
convection cell brings heat to the surface, transferring heat to the overlying rocks.

Answer 24

MID-OCEANIC RIDGES

Question 25

The transfer of heat due to the convection is accompanied by a decrease in pressure or decompression associated with the spreading of the tectonic plates.

Answer 25

MID-OCEANIC RIDGES

Question 26

The transfer of heat and the compression result to magma generation. The source of heat for mantle plumes is much deeper. It is a proposed mechanism of convection of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle. Because the plume head partly melts on reaching shallow depths, a plume is often invoked as the cause of volcanic hotspots

Answer 26

MANTLE PLUMS

Question 27

are sites of the gravitational sinking of Earth's lithosphere (the crust plus the top non-convecting portion of the upper mantle). It exists at convergent plate boundaries where one plate of oceanic Lithosphere converges with another plate.

Answer 27

SUBDUCTION ZONES

Question 28

It is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid- surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent. It includes all phenomena resulting from and causing magma within the crust or mantle of the body, to rise through the crust and form volcanic rocks on the surface.

Answer 28

VOLCANISM

Question 29

is a type of volcanic eruption in which lava steadily flows out of a volcano onto the ground. For an effusive eruption to occur, magma must be permeable enough to allow the expulsion of gas bubbles contained within it.

Answer 29

effusive eruption

Question 30

It is a volcanic eruption of the most violent type. A notable example is the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Such eruptions result when sufficient gas has Dissolved under pressure within a viscous magma such that expelled lava violently froths into volcanic ash when pressure is suddenly lowered at the vent. Sometimes a lava plug will block the conduit to the summit, and when this occurs, eruptions are more violent. An explosive eruption always begins with some form of blockage in the crater of a volcano that prevents the release of gases trapped in highly viscous andesitic or rhyolitic magma

Answer 30

EXPLOSIVE ERUPTION

Question 31

is a science dealing with the life of past geological periods as known from fossil remains

Answer 31

Paleontology

Question 32

a theological doctrine which states that the universe and all life in it originated in its present form by unconditional fiat or divine decree. Life-forms may have been put in Earth by supernatural or divine forces called, God.

Answer 32

SPECIAL CREATION THEORY

Question 33

Life may have infected earth from some other planet. The theory of panspermia proposed that meteors or cosmic dust may have carried significant amount of complex organic molecules to Earth, kicking off the evolution of life.

Answer 33

Extraterrestrial origin

Question 34

the theory that life on the earth originated from microorganisms or chemical precursors

Answer 34

PANSPERMIA

Question 35

Life may have evolved from inanimate matter, as associations among molecules became more and more complex. As changes in molecules increased their stability and caused them to persist longer, these molecules could initiate more and more complex associations, culminating in the evolution of cells.

Answer 35

SPONTANEOUS ORIGIN

Question 36

Suggests that the original molecules of life are formed within the clay. It suggests that clay that, as it crystallizes, sticks together, is capable of bringing in more clay (because the clay will stick to it)--and thus start a mechanism for selecting replicating materials.

Answer 36

COMMUNITY CLAY

Question 37

Deep under the Earth’s seas, there are vents where seawater comes into contact with minerals from the planet’s crust, reacting to create a warm, alkaline environment containing hydrogen.

Answer 37

DEEP SEA VENT

Question 38

The layers of ice, hundreds of feet thick might have protected fragile organic compounds in the water below from destructive ultraviolet rays, 3 billion years ago. The cold temperature had helped the molecules to survive longer. Scientists argue that microscopic pockets of water within ancient ice may have gathered simple molecules, which assemble into longer and longer chains, forming the foundation for life. They believe life began inside hundreds of feet of ice that supposedly covered the early oceans.

Answer 38

CHILLY START

Question 39

The theory states that if energy is added to the gases that made up Earth's early atmosphere, the building blocks of life would be created

Answer 39

PRIMORDIAL SOUP

Question 40

who proposed the primordial soup

Answer 40

ALEXANDER ORPARIN AND JOHN HALDANE

Question 41

Lightning may have provided the spark needed for life to begin, electric sparks generate chemical reactions of amino acid and sugars with an atmosphere loaded with water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen. Those molecules might have become organized into living cells.

Answer 41

ELECTRIC SPARK

Question 42

The aim was to see if substances now made by living things could be formed in the conditions thought to have existed on the early Earth.

Answer 42

THE MILLER UREY EXPERIMENT

Question 43

who carried out the miller urey experiment

Answer 43

STANLEY MILLER AND HAROLD UREY

Question 44

CENOZOIC ERA CONSISTS OF WHAT PERIODS

Answer 44

HOLOCENE PLEISTOCENE OLIGOCENE MIOCENE PLIOCENE EOCENE PALEOCENE

Question 45

MESOZOIC ERA CONSISTS OF WHAT PERIODS

Answer 45

JURASSIC TRIASSIC CRETACEOUS

Question 46

PALEOZOIC ERA CONSISTS OF WHAT PERIODS

Answer 46

PERMIAN CARBONIFEROUS DEVONIAN SILURIAN ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN

Question 47

THE EARTH WAS MOSTLY WATER WITH SOME VOLCANIC ISLANDS

Answer 47

PRECAMBRIAN PERIOD

Question 48

The age of the dinosaurs and lasted almost 180 million years from approximately 250 to 65 million years ago. This era includes 3 well known periods called the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods. A mass-extinction marked the beginning and end of the Mesozoic Era.

Answer 48

MESOZOIC ERA

Question 49

CENOZOIC ERA CONSISTS OF WHAT PERIODS

Answer 49

TERTIARY QUATERNARY

Question 50

TERTIARY PERIOD CONSISTS OF WHAT EPOCHS

Answer 50

OLIGOCENE MIOCENE PLIOCENE EOCENE PALEOCENE

Question 51

QUATERNARY PERIOD CONSISTS OF WHAT EPOCHS

Answer 51

HOLOCENE PLEISTOCENE

Question 52

the third of the major eras of Earth's history, beginning about 66 million years ago and extending to the present. It was the interval of time during which the continents assumed their modern configuration and geographic positions and during which Earth's flora and fauna evolved toward those of the present.

Answer 52

CENOZOIC ERA

Question 53

CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD CONSISTS OF WHAT EPOCHS

Answer 53

PENNSYLVANIAN MISSISSIPPIAN

Question 54

550 – 505 MYA First trilobites, forams, brachiopods, nautiloids, clams, snail, crustaceans, crinoids, gastropods, corals, and protozoans.

Answer 54

cambrian period

Question 55

505 – 438 MYA First starfish, sea urchins, blastoids, eurypterids, bryozoa, scaphopods, jawless fish, and echinoids

Answer 55

ORDOVICIAN PERIOD

Question 56

438 - 408 MYA First plants, ferns, sharks, boney fish, and scorpions.

Answer 56

silurian period

Question 57

408 - 360 MYA age of fish First insects, tetrapods, ammonites, and placoderms

Answer 57

devonian period

Question 58

360-325 MYA First reptiles, spiders, and amphibians

Answer 58

MISSISSIPIAN EPOCH 360-325 MYA

Question 59

360-325 MYA First reptiles, spiders, and amphibians

Answer 59

MISSISSIPIAN EPOCH

Question 60

360-325 MYA First reptiles, spiders, and amphibians

Answer 60

MISSISSIPIAN EPOCH

Question 61

325 – 285 MYA First conifers and synapsids

Answer 61

PENNSYLVANIAN EPOCH

Question 62

286 - 248 MYA Heyday of synapsids, including pelycosaurs.

Answer 62

permian period

Question 63

248 – 213 MYA First turtles, cycads, lizards, dinosaurs, and mammals.

Answer 63

triassic period

Question 64

213 - 145 MYA First squids, frogs, birds and salamanders.

Answer 64

JURASSIC PERIOD

Question 65

145 – 65 MYA First flowering plants, snakes, modern fish, rise and fall of toothed birds, heyday of dinosaurs.

Answer 65

CRETACEOUS PERIOD

Question 66

65 – 55.5 MYA Diversification of mammals

Answer 66

PALEOCENE EPOCH

Question 67

55.5 – 33.7 MYA First marine and large terrestrial animals, horses, whales, and monkey.

Answer 67

EOCENE EPOCH

Question 68

33.7 – 23.8 MYA First grasses, apes, anthropoids.

Answer 68

OLIGOCENE EPOCH

Question 69

23.8 – 5.3 MYA First hominids.

Answer 69

MIOCENE EPOCH

Question 70

5.3 – 1.8 MYA First australophithecones.

Answer 70

PLIOCENE EPOCH

Question 71

1.8 MYA – 8,000 years ago Mammoths, Mastodons, and Neanderthals.

Answer 71

PLEISTOCENE EPOCH

Question 72

8,000 years ago - PRESENT First modern human being.

Answer 72

HOLOCENE EPOCH