ELM 11.1 Flashcards
synaptopathies
brain disorders that have arisen from synaptic dysfunction
epilepsy is thought to be caused by _____
an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory circuits
in epilepsy, _____ is enhanced, while ______ release is decreased, causing an overall increase in ________ which leads to ____ episodes
neurotransmission
GABA
excitatory neurotransmission
seizure episodes
current treatments for epilepsy include anti- ______ and anti-________
convulsants
epileptics
levetiracetam _______ neurotransmitter release at __________ synapses
reduces
glutamatergic
valproate ____ amount of ______ GABA
increases
inhibitory
phenytoin _____ inactivation of ___ channels
prolongs
Na+
ion channels are ______ that span across the ____ allowing passage of ___ from one side of the membrane to the other
proteins
cell membrane
ions
ion channels play critical roles in controlling _________
neuronal excitability
channelopathies
group of disorders resulting from the dysfunction of ion channels - usually from genetic or autoimmune origin
3 main glial cells in brain
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes have many functions including
structural, metabolic sensing, repair, modulation synapse transmission
main role of microglia
active immune defence of the CNS
3 main states of microglia
- nurturer (ramified and evenly spaced - maintain homeostasis)
- sentinel (abundant processes and in motion - surveillance and sensing)
- warrior (stocky and less ramified - defence against infectious pathogens)
main function of oligodendrocytes
formation of myelin - key for high velocity nerve conduction in CNS
oligodendrocytes and schwann - cns or pns
schwann - pns
oligodendrocytes - cns
blood-brain barrier breakdown promotes ______ through increased permeability. ____ blood-derived molecules, cells, and microbial agents enter the brain.
neurodegeneration
toxic
A gain of function mutation in the GRIN2B gene leads to:
a. Multiple sclerosis b. Myotonia congenita c. Parkinson's disease d. Seizures
d
What type of glial cells can become “reactive”?
a. Astrocytes and microglia b. Ependymal cells and Schwann cells c. Microglia and Schwann cells d. Oligodendrocytes and microglia
a
What type of channel is most commonly mutated in malignant hyperthermia?
a. calcium b. chloride channel c. potassium channel d. sodium channel
a
Which of the microglial states is involved in synaptic remodelling and removes apoptotic neurons?
a. Basal b. Nurturer c. Sentinel d. Warrior
b
Which of the microglial states is involved in synaptic remodelling and removes apoptotic neurons?
a. Basal b. Nurturer c. Sentinel d. Warrior
b
Nurturer
this state maintains homeostasis, is involved in synaptic remodelling and migration and removes apoptotic neurons.
Sentinel
this state is involved in surveillance and sensing
Warrior
this state defends against pathogens and removes pathological proteins such as amyloid beta
What cell type is the target of the autoimmune attack in multiple sclerosis?
a. Astrocyte b. Microglia c. Oligodendrocyte d. Schwann cell
c
The glial cell type that nurtures the cells of the blood brain barrier is the:
a. Astrocyte b. Endothelium c. Microglia d. Pericyte
a
