ELM 11.1

Question 1

synaptopathies

Answer 1

brain disorders that have arisen from synaptic dysfunction

Question 2

epilepsy is thought to be caused by _____

Answer 2

an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory circuits

Question 3

in epilepsy, _____ is enhanced, while ______ release is decreased, causing an overall increase in ________ which leads to ____ episodes

Answer 3

neurotransmission
GABA
excitatory neurotransmission
seizure episodes

Question 4

current treatments for epilepsy include anti- ______ and anti-________

Answer 4

convulsants
epileptics

Question 5

levetiracetam _______ neurotransmitter release at __________ synapses

Answer 5

reduces
glutamatergic

Question 6

valproate ____ amount of ______ GABA

Answer 6

increases
inhibitory

Question 7

phenytoin _____ inactivation of ___ channels

Answer 7

prolongs
Na+

Question 8

ion channels are ______ that span across the ____ allowing passage of ___ from one side of the membrane to the other

Answer 8

proteins
cell membrane
ions

Question 9

ion channels play critical roles in controlling _________

Answer 9

neuronal excitability

Question 10

channelopathies

Answer 10

group of disorders resulting from the dysfunction of ion channels - usually from genetic or autoimmune origin

Question 11

3 main glial cells in brain

Answer 11

astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes

Question 12

astrocytes have many functions including

Answer 12

structural, metabolic sensing, repair, modulation synapse transmission

Question 13

main role of microglia

Answer 13

active immune defence of the CNS

Question 14

3 main states of microglia

Answer 14

1. nurturer (ramified and evenly spaced - maintain homeostasis)
2. sentinel (abundant processes and in motion - surveillance and sensing)
3. warrior (stocky and less ramified - defence against infectious pathogens)

Question 15

main function of oligodendrocytes

Answer 15

formation of myelin - key for high velocity nerve conduction in CNS

Question 16

oligodendrocytes and schwann - cns or pns

Answer 16

schwann - pns
oligodendrocytes - cns

Question 17

blood-brain barrier breakdown promotes ______ through increased permeability. ____ blood-derived molecules, cells, and microbial agents enter the brain.

Answer 17

neurodegeneration
toxic

Question 18

A gain of function mutation in the GRIN2B gene leads to:

a.	 Multiple sclerosis

b.	 Myotonia congenita

c.	 Parkinson's disease

d.	 Seizures

Answer 18

d

Question 19

What type of glial cells can become “reactive”?

a.	 Astrocytes and microglia

b.	 Ependymal cells and Schwann cells

c.	 Microglia and Schwann cells

d.	 Oligodendrocytes and microglia

Answer 19

a

Question 20

What type of channel is most commonly mutated in malignant hyperthermia?

a.	 calcium

b.	 chloride channel

c.	 potassium channel

d.	 sodium channel

Answer 20

a

Question 21

Which of the microglial states is involved in synaptic remodelling and removes apoptotic neurons?

a.	 Basal

b.	 Nurturer

c.	 Sentinel

d.	 Warrior

Answer 21

b

Question 22

Which of the microglial states is involved in synaptic remodelling and removes apoptotic neurons?

a.	 Basal

b.	 Nurturer

c.	 Sentinel

d.	 Warrior

Answer 22

b

Nurturer

this state maintains homeostasis, is involved in synaptic remodelling and migration and removes apoptotic neurons.

Sentinel

this state is involved in surveillance and sensing

Warrior

this state defends against pathogens and removes pathological proteins such as amyloid beta

Question 23

What cell type is the target of the autoimmune attack in multiple sclerosis?

a.	 Astrocyte

b.	 Microglia

c.	 Oligodendrocyte

d.	 Schwann cell

Answer 23

c

Question 24

The glial cell type that nurtures the cells of the blood brain barrier is the:

a.	 Astrocyte

b.	 Endothelium

c.	 Microglia

d.	 Pericyte

Answer 24

a