Elizabeth Flashcards
what year did she become queen ?
1558
Who where Elizabeth’s parents
Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
What where her attitudes towards ruling ?
she wanted to be the ultimate source of political and religious power in England
Name some challenges Elizabeth faced
- She was expected to get married
- She was Protestant but the country was left Catholic
- She was fighting to be respected by other European leaders
- She had many enemies wanting to kill her
- the monarchy had a bad reputation
Name some responsibility for a Monarch in the 16th century
- make laws
- appoint minister who gave the monarch advice
- Be the head of the countries religion
- command the navy and army
- protect the people
- control the countries coinage
- ensure employment and prosperity
- Ensure continued rule of his/her family by having children
Nobility
highest social class in 1558 society. included monarch and royal family.
Gentry
class below nobility. very high social status, entitled to a coat of arms, owned lots of land
yeoman
men who owned a small amount of land or estate
tenant farmers
farmed rented land typically owned by gentry or yeoman
landless and labouring poor
unskilled workers who often rented their houses and didn’t own any land
name the order of a towns social classes
Merchants professionals business owners skilled workers unskilled workers and unemployed
What is a heretic
Somebody who goes against the religion of the state
What was the French threat
The alliance between Scotland and France
Mary queen of Scots was married to the king Francis 2 of France
France was wealthier and larger than England
What two acts did Elizabeth put down to reach her settlements.
Act of supremacy 1559
Act of uniformity 1559
What was the vestments controversy ?
- Puritans believed that clergy should be dressed plainly and not differently to the congregation and therefore opposed the idea that clergy should wear vestments
- Elizabeth set up exhibition to show what priests should wear, of 110 bishops invited, 73 accepted and 37 refused
- Those who refused lost their posts
What was the crucifix controversy ?
- Puritans did not want to have the crucifix in churches as it represented Jesus and they believed that they should not have symbols of their idols in the church
- Puritans said they should be allowed to take the crucifix down
- Elizabeth refused
- Puritan ministers threatened to leave if they were not allowed to take the crucifix down, Elizabeth did not have enough replacements so she conceded
How do we know Elizabeth’s settlement was a success ?
- Very few Martyrs in response
- Majority of Catholics conformed with the settlement
- Penalties for non conformers were not always imposed to keep the peace
Why was Spain a threat to Elizabeth ?
- Richest, most powerful nation in europe
- In 16th Century the army grew from 20,000 to 300,000
- Catholic
- Elizabeth got involved in supporting Protestants at the Dutch revolt which was crushed by the spanish in the spanish inquisition (duke of alba)
- Spain now controlling the Netherlands had a strategic point for an invasion
- Elizabeth refused a marriage alliance from Phillip 2, perhaps implying she does not wish to see an alliance with Spain
Why was France a threat to Elizabeth ?
- Catholic
- England supported protestant rebels in France in return for Calle, protestants made peace with Catholics in the end
- Mary queen of Scots was once married to the king of France and was still popular in France
- France at the time was richer and more powerful than England
Why did the Catholic threat increase for Mary after 1566 ?
Mary Queen of Scots came under Elizabeth’s arrest
- Unlike Elizabeth, she was recognised as legitimate by Catholics and had a great claim to the throne, potentially even greater than Elizabeth
- She was the foundation behind many plots against Elizabeth
What was the Ridolfi Plot ?
1571:
- Assassination of Elizabeth, and invasion by Spain
- Replaced by Mary(qos) who would marry the duke of Norfolk
- Ridolfi was a Florentine banker and papal agent who was a go-between with Phillip 2 and the duke of Norfolk
- Elizabeth’s secret service uncovered the plot and the duke of Norfolk was executed in 1572,
- Elizabeth lost trust to Mary(qos)
When was the act of uniformity implemented, what did it include and which groups disliked the act?
1559:
- A new protestant prayer book implemented in every church (Catholics dislike)
- Church services in English, reasons for bread and wine were left vague
- Ornaments and decorations allowed in churches (puritans dislike)
- Clergy wore vestments and were allowed to marry (Catholics dislike)
- Attendance to church was compulsory, if not attend a fine of 1 shilling was given per week, not much for rich but lots for poor
When was the act of supremacy implemented, what did it include and which groups disliked the act?
1559:
- England was protestant again (Catholics dislike)
- Elizabeth became the “Supreme Governor” of the church (Catholics and Puritans dislike)
- Bishops would help Elizabeth govern the new church
- If people refused to follow they would be imprisoned up to 3 times before they were executed (Catholics dislike)
What was the Throckmorton plot ?
1583:
- Assassination of Elizabeth to be replaced by Mary(qos)
- Invasion by France, financed by Spain and the pope
- Throckmorton carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators
- Walsingham uncovered the plot which led to Elizabeth passing The Bond which forced signatories to assassinate anyone plotting against the Queen
What was the Babington plot ?
1586:
- Assassination of Elizabeth to be replaced by Mary(qos)
- Anthony Babington carried messages to Elizabeth in code, which included asking for Mary’s approval to go through with the plot, which she agreed to in another letter of hers
- These letters were decoded and used as evidence for Mary’s treason which led to her execution
What was the revolt of the Northern Earls ?
Northern Earls were not happy with Elizabeths rule because:
- They were still committed Catholics, Elizabeth took away lots of land from Northumberland and shared it between Northumberland’s rivals, she also took all the profits from his copper mine
- 1569 the duke of Norfolk initiated the revolt in a plan to marry Mary(qos) and restore Catholicism
- November 1969 they captured Durnham where they celebrated a Catholic mass before moving further south to where Mary was held
- The Royal army defeated them and forced them to retreat, Mary executed Northumberland and 400 other rebels
What was education like in Elizabethan England for each wealth classes for boy and girls
Poor:
-Boys+Girls had no formal education and often worked on land in order to bring in a wage for the family
Well-Off:
-Boys attended petty schools (aged:4-8) where they were taught reading, writing and arithmetic and grammar schools (aged:8-14) where they were taught a range of languages, history, philosophy etc
-Girls attended dame schools and had basic education but it was focused on home work e.g. sawing, making ointments etc
Upper-Class:
-Private tutoring until early teens, then educated in a noble household until mid teens, Boys then attended university
How big of an impact did schools have in Elizabethan England ?
- 20% increase in literacy rate
- Expensive so only well off people could afford education
- Problem with loss of family income due to children not working
What leisure activities did people in Elizabethan England participate in ?
Nobility:
-Archery -Wrestling -Swimming -Tennis(ish)
Working Class:
-Swimming -Wrestling -Football (very different then)
What were the 3 acts that Elizabeth issued to help solve the problem of the poor ?
1572 - Statue of Artificers:
-Beggars to be whipped or board through the ear or executed
-Justices of the peace to keep count of poor in the area
-People had to play the Poor rate to support the poor
1576 - Vagabonds act:
-Beggars to be sent to the houses of correction
-Justices of the peace to stockpile materials for those who genuinely could not find work
1601 - Poor Relief Act:
-Overseers to ensure orphan children had apprenticeships and that there was a stock pile of material for able bodied work
-Elderly and sick to be given alms-houses to live in
-Begging was illegal
-JPs to make sure everyone paid the poor rate or face imprisonment
