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History 10s1 > Cold War 1 > Flashcards

Cold War 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happend at the Tehran conference and when did it take place ?

A
  • November 1943
  • UK and USA agreed on opening another front
  • Poland’s borders to be moved further west
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2
Q

What happend at the Yalta conference and when did it take place ?

A
  • February 1945
  • Germany to be disarmed
  • Germany to be split into four zones
  • Germany pay reparations
  • Eastern Europe to be under USSR influence
  • Disagreement over Poland’s borders
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3
Q

What happend at the Potsdam conference and when did it take place ?

A
  • July 1945
  • Nazi part banned
  • Poland’s borders to run over Oder and Niesse rivers
  • West sucpicious of Stalin waning to move borders
  • Stalin imprisoned Poland’s non-communist leaders
  • Truman did not tell Stalin about nukes
  • Stalin refused to cut down on his forces
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4
Q

Breifly explain what happened in Hungary

A
  • March 1953, Stalin dies, Hunagrians hope for De-Stalinisation
    • 1956:
      • Rakosi falls from power
      • Hungarians destroy Stalin statue
      • Imre Nagy becomes prime minister
      • Nagy gets Khrushchev to withdraw Soviet troops from Hungary
      • Five days of freedom: Speech, Religion, Press.
      • Nagy announces Hungary’s intent to leave Warsaw Pact
      • Khrushchev sends 200,000 Soviet troops and 6,000 Tanks to re-take Hungary
  • Janas Kadar became new Hungarian Leader
  • Nagy was hiding in Yugoslavia
  • Kadar offered Nagy free passage to Hungary, he broke his word, captured him and had him hung in Romania
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5
Q

Name some causes of the events in Hungary

A
  • Khrushchev wanted to set an example and stamp authorety
    • Hunagry would have shown Eastern Europe that they are better off without Soviet control
    • Khrushchev feared losing control over Eastern Europe
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6
Q

Name some consequences of the events in Hungary

A

Repression in Hungary: Thousands of Hungarians were arrested and imprisoned. Some were executed and 200,000 Hungarian refugees fled to Austria.

Russia stayed in control behind the Iron Curtain - no other country tried to get rid of Russia troops until Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Polarisation of the Cold War - people in the West were horrified - many Communists left the Communist Party - and Western leaders became more determined to contain communism.

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7
Q

Name some reasons for building the Berlin Wall

A
  • Nearly 2,000 refugees a day were fleeing from East to West Berlin
  • Soviets claimed East Berlin was better than the West
  • Many of those leaving were skilled and qualified workers
  • Soviets believed (rightly) that West Berlin was a center for US espionage.
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8
Q

Explain how the situation to building the Berlin Wall came about

A
  • At the Vienna Summit of June 1961, therefore, Khrushchev demanded that the US leave West Berlin within six months
  • Kennedy refused and instead guaranteed West Berlin’s freedom
  • On 13 August 1961, Khrushchev closed the border between East and West Berlin and started building the Berlin Wall
  • The Berlin Wall became a Symbol of Soviet Control and separation
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9
Q

Explain what happened in Afghanistan

A

-Soviets invade in 1979 to support Afghanistan’s communist government fighting against anti-communist Muslim guerillas
-Afghanistan threatened USA’s influence in India and Pakistan, this threatened the West’s oil supply
-27 April 1978 PDPA (People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan) overthrew Afghan government
-Taraki became president and prime minister
-Muslim revolutionaries intellectuals were imprisoned and tortured
-September 1979 Amin seized Power
-Due to communist anti-religious laws established in Afghanistan, the guerilla movement declared a holy war, Jihad in the name of Allah, against Amin’s supporters
–Many Afghan soldiers deserted and joined the guerrillas, the government need at least 85,000 troops to stay in power
-Amin did not want to be reliant on the Soviets so he set out to improve links with the USA
-December 1979 - January 1980:
50,000 Soviet troops were sent to restore order and protect PDPA from Mujahideen
-Brezhnev said he was complying with the 1978 treaty of friendship and cooperation signed by former president of Afghanistan Taraki

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10
Q

How did Carter react to Afghanistan?

A
  • President Carter issued the Carter Doctrine which stated that the US could use military force if its international interests were threatened in the Persian Gulf
    • Carter promised to provide aid to countries surrounding Afghanistan
    • Carter Proposed an RDF (Rapid Deployment Force), it could intervene anywhere quickly and for a short price
    • He called a draft to register 18-20-year-old men and for Congress to allow CIA to increase intelligence spending
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11
Q

Were Carter’s actions successful?

A

-Carter’s actions were not successful in moving out Soviet troops. It ended Détente by 1980 consequently lowering relations to their lowest since the Cuban missile crisis

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12
Q

Why was the Afghan war unsuccessful and name some consequences

A
  • The war was unsuccessful for Afghanistan and the USSR since it lasted 10 years and 1.5 million people died including 15,000 Soviet soldiers
    • The war worsened superpowers relations and greatly drained on the Soviet economy which already had problems
    • In response to Afghanistan, the US boycotted the Olympics in the USSR.
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13
Q

What did Reagan want to do?

A
  • Introduce foreign policy which had major emphasis on fighting communism
    • Was determined not be intimidated by the USSR’s arsenal
    • Was determined to eradicate the humiliation caused by the Vietnam war
    • Was keen on increasing military spending
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14
Q

Explain Reagan’s defense policy

A
  • He introduced a new program which aimed to stock up the US arsenal, it cost around $1 Trillion
    - Relations worsened when USSR placed missiles in West USSR and the US responded by placing cruise missiles
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15
Q

What were some impacts of Reagan’s policy?

A
  • Reagan and his advisors were confident they could win a nuclear war against the USSR
    - Tensions grew significantly
    - Both sides believed in the M.A.D theory (Mutually Assured Destruction) Theory, the theory stated that if one side fired nuclear weapons and the other retaliated, both sides would face destruction
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16
Q

What was the Zero Option?

A
  • Reagan proposed the Zero option which would limit both sides missile arsenal
    - Brezhnev rejected the offer, Reagan knew this would happen
    - This gave Reagan an excuse to place more missiles in Western Europe
    - Reagen made a speach about the USSR being an evil empire
    - Yuri Andropov (Soviet Leader), called Regan insecure, a liar and compared him to Hitler
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17
Q

What else happened in Reagan’s reign

A
  • Reagan continued on S.T.A.R.T (Reducing Strategic Arms Talks)
    • The USA gave secret assistance to Polish workers trade union movement Solidarność.
    • Solidarność was banned and its leaders were imprisoned in 1982
    • Reagan criticized the Soviet and Polish government for their heavy handed approach towards Solidarność
    • The USA banned all trade with the Soviet Union. -Soviet Union left S.T.A.R.T in 1983
    • Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative
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18
Q

State some things about Gorbachev

A
  • Came to power in 1985
    • He was a young leader in comparison to his predecessors
    • He wanted to reform communism to strengthen the USSR and end the cold war
    • Gorbachev has little foreign experience
    • Quote by Gorbachev “Reagan in not just a class enemy; he is extremely primitive. He looks like a caveman and is mentally retarded”
    • Gorbachev downplayed the significance of the Chernobyl crisis, the explosion in Pripyat caused 40x greater fallout than in Hiroshima
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19
Q

What were the two main parts of Gorbachev’s new thinking?

A

Glasnost and Perestroika

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20
Q

Explain Glasnost

A
  • Means publicity
    - Censorship of the press was relaxed
    - was positive to the Western press
21
Q

Explain Perestroika

A
  • Means reconstructing
    - Economic reform was issued to improve the Soviet economy
    - Soviet economy was not as efficient as the US economy, putting the Soviets at a disadvantage
22
Q

What else did Gorbachev’s new thinking achieve?

A
  • End arms race with the US
    • Abandon Brezhnev’s Doctrine
    • Stop Soviet interference in Eastern European Sattelite states
23
Q

How did the Cold War End under Gorbachev?

A
  • Due to Gorbachev’s new thinking, all Soviet states were open to holding their own elections without the USSR interfering
    • This lead to most countries electing non-communist parties e.g.Solidarność
    • Countries such as the Baltic states, Poland, Hungary etc, announced that they are going to leave the Warsaw Pact and declared their independence
    • Gorbachev, sticking with his new thinking allowed the countries to do as they pleased
    • Seeing as the Soviet Union was collapsing, Gorbachev resigned as leader of the Soviet Union
    • The USA and USSR declared the end of the Cold War at the Malta Summit in 1989
24
Q

How and when did the Berlin Wall fall?

A
  • It became impossible to contain East Germans when neighboring countries started gaining freedom
  • 9th November 1989, East Germany announced that East Germans were allowed to cross the border
  • Consequently, the Berlin wall was destroyed
  • Friends and Families separated by the wall saw each other for the first time in years
  • The Berlin wall was once a symbol of Soviet power and separation, Its fall became a symbol of the end of the Cold War and freedom
25
Q

What happened in the Helsinki agreement and when did it take place ?

A

-1975
Three ‘baskets’ of agreements. Both sides agreed to recognise the current borders of European countries, respect human rights and freedoms in their respective countries and help each other economically and technologically

26
Q

What was the Truman Doctrine ?

A

(1947)

  • American foreign policy which aimed to prevent the Soviet Union’s geopolitical expansion by using the U.S’ influence and superior economy
  • The USA gave $400 million of aid to Turkey and Greece to stop communism spreading
27
Q

What was the Marshall Plan ?

A
  • It was the Foreign Assistance Act of 1948
  • It provided $17 billion in aid to European countries to help them rebuild their economies
  • An increase in wealth would make communism more unattractive to the aforementioned country
28
Q

What was Cominform ?

A

(1947)

  • Soviet Union’s response to the Truman Doctrine and
  • It was a communist information Bureau which enabled Soviet co-ordination of communist parties towards the Soviet’s intended foreign policy
  • It introduced Soviet-style economic policies such as the collectivisation of agriculture and state control of industry
  • Soviets used Cominform to purge anyone who disagreed with Moscow, Soviets ensured the loyalty of other nations by removing those who were not loyal from power
  • Failed to prevent Marshal plan by encouraging French workers to strike and form a revolutionise
29
Q

What was Comecon ?

A

(1949)

  • Soviet response to the Marshall plan
  • Known as the council for mutual assistance
  • Intended to be a means of providing financial support to countries in Eastern Europe by controlling the economies of the countries, this also gave the Soviets full access to state resources (nationalisation)
  • It encouraged specialisation of land use in different parts of the Eastern Bloc, E.g. East Germany heavily focused on industry whilst Romania and Bulgaria heavily focused on agriculture
30
Q

Explain the events of the Berlin Blockade

A

(June 1948 - 12 May 1949)
-The western nations of the USA, Britain and France make a new currency to make the west German economy superior to the Eastern
-Soviets blockade off the U.S, British and French Sectors of Berlin within its controlled sector of Germany, preventing western nations from providing the population of those sectors from receiving basic necessities such as food and coal
-Truman along with the RAF ordered to send in supplies via an air lift, planes could not be stopped unless shot at which would be a declaration of war
-This was a great public relations victory for the US as it hugely increased the morale of West Berliners and relations with the Western nations
May 12th, 1949: Stalin lifts the blockade

31
Q

Explain the significance/consequences of the Berlin Crisis (blockade)

A

Iron curtain became permanent:
-September 1949 Germany splits in 2, Federal republic of Germany (west Germany) and the German democratic Republic (East Germany)
Military Alliances created:
-North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
-Warsaw Pact created later in 1955
Arms Race:
-The cold war erupted into an open race for superior military technology
-Soviets developed the Atomic bomb in 1955
Propaganda Victory for Truman:
-Berlin blockade failed
-Truman’s response is peaceful
-USSR seen as a failure as Stalin had to back down

32
Q

Explain what happened in the 4 conferences between 1959 and 1961

A

Geneva (May 1959):
-Both sides put down proposals but no decision was made
-Eisenhower invited khrushchev to further meetings
Camp David (September 1959)
-No decision made on governing Berlin but Soviets agreed to withdraw their ultimatum
-Relations improved and further talks at Paris were agreed
Paris (May 1960):
-Relations significantly decreased as the Soviets shot down a U.S spy plane for which Eisenhower refused to apologise for, Khrushchev walked out the meeting
Vienna (June 1961):
-Kennedy elected as president, refused to withdraw troops from West Berlin
-Khrushchev created another 6 month ultimatum

33
Q

Explain the events leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis

A

1959:
-Cuban revolution, Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro who established communism and nationalised all US businesses in Cuba
-USA in response stopped all sugar (Cuba’s primary export that made up most of their economy) imports from Cuba which threatened to destroy their economy
1959-60:
-Castro turns to Khrushchev for help
-Khrushchev was keen to have a communist ally close to the USA
-Khrushchev sends over diplomats to Cuba and on September agrees to send weapons to Cuba and support them financially
-U.S.A breaks up all diplomatic relations with Cuba, the CIA spends around $45 million training Cuban exiles (about 1500) who called themselves “La Brigada”
-US bombs part of the Cuban Air Force but called of the second wave of bombings, the Bay of Pigs invasion takes place but fails miserably leading to 100 La Brigadas dead and 1100 imprisoned but released after US public donates $53 million worth of food
1961:
-Castro officially declares Cuba’s conversion to communism

34
Q

Explain the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis

A

1962:
-Spy plane discovers Soviet offensive ICBM missiles in Cuba yet Khrushchev claims that they are purely defensive
22nd October:
-Kennedy announces the naval blockade of Cuba and deploys B52 nuclear bombers so that an eighth of them are airborne at all times and warns of a full retaliatory response if any missile is shot from Cuba
24th October:
-20 Russian ships head to Cuba and Khrushchev tells them to ignore the blockade and warns that Russia will have “a fitting reply to the aggressor”
25th October: First Russian oil ship allowed to pass but the rest are allowed to turn back
26th October: Khrushchev offers to dismantle weapons from Cuba if the US stops blockade
27th October: Khrushchev also demands that Kennedy dismantles bases in Turkey, Kennedy agrees to Khrushchev’s terms as long as dismantling bases in Cuba is kept a secret
28th October:
-Khrushchev agrees to Kennedy’s proposal and the crisis is over

35
Q

What were the consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis ?

A
  • Tensions and threat of Nuclear war reached an all time high
  • Kennedy showed that he can handle difficult situations and gained popularity
  • Hotline between USA and USSR set up in case of other crisis’
36
Q

Explain what happened in the Prague springs ?

A

5th January 1968:

  • A new leader, Alexandr Dubcek was elected in place of hardline communist leader Novotny, who wanted to introduce his “socialism with a human face” policy
  • Czechoslovakian press with its new freedom begins to criticise USSR which weakens USSR popularity in Czechoslovakia
  • This worries Brezhnev as it threatens his control over one of his satellite states however as he is friends with Dubcek he agrees to some things such as farming reforms but expects other aspects such as USSR criticism to stop, but Czechoslovakian paper keep criticising USSR
  • Brezhnev sees that this complies with his doctrine and proceeds to invade Czechoslovakia, Dubcek orders no resistance and rather encourages non-violent protest
  • Dubcek is arrested and forced to sign the Moscow protocol
37
Q

What was Dubcek’s Socialism with a human face ?

A

Socialism with a human face:

  • Relaxation of press censorship
  • “market socialism” (elements of capitalism), trade with west Germany
  • More political opposition
  • More power to Czech government
38
Q

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine ?

A
  • Soviet foreign policy
  • It states that any country that threatens the unity of the Warsaw Pact and Eastern Bloc can and will be invaded by the USSR
  • Used to justify actions in Czechoslovakia
39
Q

What were the consequences of the Prague Spring ?

A
  • No action form USA as it was too busy with Vietnam
  • Detente re-enforced
  • Western Europe critical of Soviet’s actions and other communist parties begin to separate themselves from Soviet Union
  • Romania and Yugoslavia ally with China leaving the Soviets slightly isolated
40
Q

What were the SALT treaties ?

A

SALT - (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks)
SALT 1:
-Signed in 1972
-prevented nuclear weapons in space
-Only limited some types of nuclear weapons so arms race could still easily continue
-Arms race continued however ICBM missile production held a 5 year freeze
-Both USA and USSR were allowed to use satellites to make sure both sides were respecting the treaty
SALT 2:
-Talks took place in 1977
-Aims were to limit the amount of nuclear warheads and to stay in place until 1985
-After the USSR invasion of Afghanistan the USA refused to ratify the treaty

41
Q

Explain the details of the Helsinki Agreements

A

Occurred in 1975, U.S.A and USSR along with 33 other nations made agreements about 3 categories
Security:
-Recognition of Soviet control over Eastern Europe
-Soviet Union accepted the existence of west Germany
Cooperation:
-Agreed to cooperate economically, scientifically and culturally
Human Rights:
-All countries agreed to respect human rights and basic freedoms such as freedom of speech and religion whilst being free from arrest

42
Q

Summarise the 3 summits between 1985 and 1987

A

Geneva (November 1985):
-Both Reagan and Gorbachev were able to talk face to face but little progress was made
Reykjavik (October 1986):
-Gorbachev failed in getting USA to drop SDI plans but overall relations improved
Washington (December 1987):
-INF treaty signed and relations increased

43
Q

What was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) ?

A
  • Also known as Star Wars
  • Reagans proposed defense policy that aimed to be a defense against Soviet’s ballistic and nuclear missiles by stationing laser battle stations in space that may have aimed at the USSR should conflict arise
44
Q

What was the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) ?

A

A treaty signed at the Washington summit of 1987, it agreed that:
-USA and Soviet Union would remove all missiles in the range of 625 and 3,500 miles

45
Q

What was the Long Telegram and when did it happen?

A

February 1946:

  • Issued to President Truman
  • It said that Stalin had given a speech in favour of the destruction of capitalism
  • It warned that the USSR was trying to weaken and divide Western powers while building the strength of its own military
46
Q

What was the Novikov Telegram and when did it happen?

A

September 1946:

  • Issued to Stalin
  • Claimed that the USA was pursuing world supremacy
  • Warned that the USA as trying to limit the influence of the USSR in Europe
47
Q

Why did Khrushchev raise hopes for better relations?

A

After Stalin’s death in 1953, Khrushchev came to power:

  • It was revealed that he secretly disapproved of Stalin’s methods and wanted somewhat of a De-Stalinisation
  • He said he wanted a “Peaceful co-existence”
  • However, he remained competitive and wanted to achieve superiority whilst not engaging in a war
48
Q

What did Khrushchev’s de-Stalinisation include?

A
  • Abolition of the death penalty
  • Freeing political prisoners that were imprisoned under Stalin’s regime
  • In 1956 there was an uprising in Poland. The USSR threatened to intervene but instead allowed it to follow their own version of communism, this encouraged other states to consider a revolt
49
Q

What were Dubček’s 5 main reforms?

A
  • Travel to the West was made available for all
  • The border with West Germany was re-opened
  • All industry was de-centralised
  • Trade unions and workers were given more power
  • Freedom of speech and opposition parties were allowed

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