Elizabeth (3) Flashcards
What was the life of a poor child like
No formal education - learned from their families, working on the land, or in the home. They needed to bring in a wage for the family
What was the life of a well off boy like
Petty schools age 4-8: (reading, writing and arithmetic) then Grammar school age 8-14: (Latin, Greek, French, ancient and classical history, philosophy, archery, wrestling, chess and running)
What was the life of a well off girl like
Dame schools or educated at home by mothers (Reading and writing, arithmetic, Music, dancing, needlework, horse riding and archery)
What was the life of a noble boy like
Private tutor until early teens (Latin, Greek, French, ancient and classical history), University (Oxford or Cambridge) from 14 or 15. Some went to Inns of Court in London to train as lawyers.
What was the life of a noble girl like
Private tutor until early teens Then sent to another noble household to complete their education. Make useful social contacts and perfected the skills expected of them as a noble woman
What Sport, pastimes and the theatre were there
sports such as hunting, hawking, fishing, fencing, real tennis Working people – football was a lower class game – could be very violent and had no rules as such Spectator sports such as bear-baiting and cock-fighting were popular – gambling was also very common Theatre was also very popular with all classes in Elizabethan England – many new plays and purpose built theatres. Protestantism led to the development of new plays as many thought that the centuries-old plays were too catholic
What were The reasons for the increase in poverty and vagabondage during these years.
- Increased population, rising food prices, sheep farming and enclosure of fields meant less people were employed in farms, more people forced to move to cities to look for work, international problems such as Dutch Revolt affected trade
Why were there The changing attitudes and policies towards the poor
-Some sympathy for impotent or deserving poor (unable to work due to illness or age) but able bodied or idle poor (those fit for work but didn’t) were treated more harshly.
What was the 1563 Statute of Artificers
to collect poor relief money
What was the 1572 Vagabonds Act
to deter vagrancy
What was the 1576 Poor Relief Act
to help able bodied people find work
Was there much success from the governmenr action
-Some success but poverty remained a problem throughout Elizabeth’s reign. Most important change was that these laws recognised that unemployment was a problem that needed to be solved and that people were not unemployed out of laziness
How was economics a factor for exploration
Wars with Spain and Netherlands had disrupted wool and cloth trade – English needed new markets. New World was full of riches; exotic crops, silver. Trans-Atlantic slave trade. The search for the North-West Passage to the Far East.
How was new technology a factor for exploration
- Quadrant/Astrolabe : new navigation
- Maps/printing : Mercator map more accurate and printing meant they were used by more people
- Ship design : Galleons were quicker, more manoeuvrable, more cargo space, more fire power
How was politics a factor for exploration
- Rivalry with Spain for naval dominance.
- Drake as a privateer targeting Spanish Ships.
- Massive rewards e.g. Americas full of riches;
- exotic crops, silver..
- Financial rewards result in increased power and control
Why did drame circumnavigate the world
Drake probably didn’t intend to do it when he set off! The main purpose was to raid Spanish colonies and to look for opportunities for English colonisation and trade.
What was the significance of drakes circumnavigation of the world
- it almost ended in disaster with 4 ships lost but Drake and 56 surviving men returned in 1580.
- They had made huge amounts of money (£500m in today’s money), Drake became rich and famous, great boost to English morale,
- English reputation enhanced, gathered information about the Americas, positive meeting with Native American population, severely damaged relationship with Spain.
What did Walter Raleigh do
investigated and organised the colonisation of Virginia
What happened on the fact finding expedition to virginia
- Native American Indians (Manteo and Wanchese) were brought back to England and mathematician Thomas Harriot learnt their language, taught them English and made an English-Algonquian ‘dictionary’.
What factors did Raleigh have to consider
- Who should go? 300 with a variety of skills (e.g. hunters, carpenters)
- Supplies? Enough food and water for the journey
- Timing? It was vital to get there in enough time to sow crops
- Ships? Needed to be big enough and well-armed in case of attack (e.g. from Spain)
What reasons were there for the first failure of virginia in 1585-6
- problems with the native americans
- they left too late to plant crops
- They had the wrong mix of people
- Gunpowder had been spoiled in the journey so they couldn’t hunt for food
- vital supplies were damaged on the journey
What reasons were there for the second failure of Roanoke in 1587-90
- Second attempt at colony began in 1587
- Manteo was made Lord Roanoke and John White in overall charge
- They experienced many problems, including significant hostility from Native tribes (e.g. John White’s adviser, George Howe, was found dead with 16 arrow wounds)
- John White returned to England to update Raleigh and when he returned in 1590 he found the colony deserted
- The only clue as to what happened to the settlers was the word Croatoan carved into a post……
