Elizabeth Flashcards
1
Q
In 1558 who was England at war with?
A
France
2
Q
When do the French capture Calais?
A
May 1558
3
Q
In April 1559 what treaty was signed and what did that mean?
A
•Treaty of Cateua
•French could keep Calais for 8 years
4
Q
In 1558 who was England allied with?
A
Spain
5
Q
What was the Auld Alliance?
A
French and Scotland alliance
6
Q
What bill is rejected in the HOL in Jan 1559?
A
Act of Supremacy
7
Q
When is the Act of Supremacy reintroduced?
A
April 1559
8
Q
Act of uniformity is passed in the HOL by what ratio?
A
21:18
9
Q
What was in the Act of Supremacy?
A
•Elizabeth is Supreme Gov
•all clergy and officials must take an oath to Supreme Gov
•heresy laws passed
10
Q
What is in the Act of Uniformity(Elizabeth’s)?
A
•1552 Book of Common Prayer to be used in all churches
•a fine of 1 shilling for not going to church on Sunday
11
Q
Where were taxes paid to now?
A
Elizabeth
12
Q
Who was made able to marry?
A
clergy
13
Q
Elizabeth didn’t want ‘__________’?
A
windows into mens souls
14
Q
If a bishopric remained empty the money went to Elizabeth. Oxford had no bishop for _______.
A
41 / 45 years
15
Q
Where were the Marian Exiles living for 5 years?
A
Geneva
16
Q
John Foxe lived with how many other puritans in Geneva?
A
223
17
Q
What did John Clavin teach?
A
•separation from church and state
•no church hierarchy
18
Q
What did the 1563 Convocation petition?
A
•Holy Days to be abolished (against act of uniformity)
•kneeling at communion to be optional (against royal injunctions)
19
Q
How much was the 1563 Convocation defeated by?
A
1 vote
20
Q
When was the Vestments Controversy?
A
1566
21
Q
Who in Oxford Dean of Christ Church was sacked for refusing to wear a surplice?
A
Anthony Sampson
22
Q
How many preachers were sacked for not wearing surplices?
A
37
23
Q
Who encouraged English Puritans to conform?
A
Heinrich Bullinger a powerful puritan
24
Q
_____ : Parliament was called to pass the _________
A
1571, Treason Act
25
(1571 Parliament) Derailed by _________ ____________ who proposed a bill that would introduce ________ _______ to the church such as banning ________ _______
Walter Strickland, puritan reforms, wedding rings
26
What happened after Walter Strickland proposed this bill?
he was banned from parliament but allowed back after an outcry from MPs
27
A compromise to puritans was made, what was it?
clergy were allowed to ignore those of the 39 articles which did not relate to the doctrine
28
_____ : parliament called to approve _____ ________ ___ _________ execution
1586, Mary Queen of Scots
29
(1586 parliament) derailed by __________ _______ who proposed a bill that would remove government ________ from the church. It proposed the Church of England use the ‘__________ ______ ______’
Anthony Cope, authority, Geneva Prayer Book
30
Who was Cope defended by?
Job Throckmorton
31
What happened to Cope?
Cope, Throckmorton and 3 others were sent to the tower
32
Cope was later ___________ by __________ in ______
knighted, Elizabeth, 1593
33
1593 Parliament what happened?
A religious bill proposed that would introduce harsher punishments for puritans and catholics was edited by Walter Raleigh and his faction.
34
What was the outcome of the 1593 Parliament?
it removed all the punishments for puritans
35
Who were the two ministers who published the pamphlet called The Administration to Parliament?
John Field and Thomas Wilcox
36
What was in the Administration to Parliament?
•attacked MPs for not doing enough to reform the church
•the current hierarchy should be scrapped and replaced
•criticised the church for being superstitious
37
What was the outcome of the admonition to parliament?
Field and Wilcox were arrested and spent a year in prison yet the pamphlet was widely read
38
What were the Martin Marprelates?
a series of anonymous pamphlets printed in secret in late 1580s
39
In the pamphlets what were bishops described as and what did they claim the Archbishop of Canterbury was?
‘dumb dogs’, ‘petty pope’
40
Who used the printing press to print counter propaganda?
cecil
41
What were separatists?
the process of setting up Puritan Churches separate from the Church of England
42
The __________ ______ ______________ was an illegal church caught in _______. They were set up in response to the _____________ controversy
Plumbers Hall Congregation, 1567, Vestments
43
________ and ___________ set up their own church in _________. It was shut down and they emigrated/exiled to Holland in ______
Browne, Harrison, Norwich, 1582
44
_________ and _____________ established the ___________ ________________ _________. They were executed in _____
Barrow, Greenwood, London Underground Church, 1593
45
When was Matthew Parker Archbishop from-till?
1559-1575
46
(Matthew Parker) What were some significant things he did?
•defeated puritans in 1563 Convocation
•faced down the puritans during the Vestments Controversy
•separatism happens underneath him
47
When was Edmund Grindal Archbishop from-till?
1575-1583
48
What was Edmund Grindal before?
a Marian exile
49
Who did Edmund Grindal help and with what?
John Foxe with the Book of Martyrs
50
Why did Elizabeth not listen to Parker and appoint Edmund Grindal the Archbishop of Canterbury?
to appease the rebelling puritans
51
What did Elizabeth want Grindal to crack down on?
prophesyings (private Bible study classes)
52
How did Grindal respond to Elizabeth?
he refused and wrote a 6,000 word letter defending them
53
What happened to Grindal after he refused?
placed under house arrest for 6 months and John Witgift took the political and legal roles of Archbishop
54
When was John Whitgift Archbishop from-till?
1575-1604
55
What did John Whitgift do in 1570?
sacked Thomas Cartwright from Cambridge for Puritan preaching
56
John Whitgift was also responsible for?
prosecuting Field and Wilcox after the Administration to Parliament
57
What was Whitgifts aim to crack down on?
nonconformists within the church
58
What did Whitgift introduce, when and what did all clergy have to do?
•Three Articles in 1583
•swear on it
59
What was written in the Three Articles?
•Accept Elizabeth as Supreme Governor
•Accept Book of Common Prayer
•Accept all 39 Articles from 1563 Convocation
60
What was Whitgift President of and why was it set up?
•Court of High Commission
•set up to root out puritans within the Church
61
How many clergy were sacked for not taking the Oath of Supremacy?
400
62
What did Cecil call him and what did Elizabeth call him?
•monster
•’my black husband’
63
What act did Whitgift draw up in 1593 and whose execution did it lead to?
•Act Against Seditious Secretaries
•Barrow and Greenwood
64
Around how many Catholics left England for France?
300
65
What were catholic bishops experiencing and give an example of one?
• spent the rest of their lives in and out of prison
• Thomas Watson spent 25 out of his last 26 years imprisoned
66
What were church papists?
Catholics, who attended church services
67
What were recusants and what was the punishment?
•catholics who refuse to attend church services
•11 shillings
68
When was recusancy first raised?
Late 1560s
69
______ : a _______ _______ banned Catholics from attending church of England services
1566, Papal Decree
70
Who is William Allen?
The most influential catholic rising star
71
When was William Allen made illegal to visit England and what did he do?
•1567
• he encouraged catholic families not to attend church
72
What did William Allen do in 1568?
Set up a catholic training program for seminary priests in Douai, France
73
Who was the new Pope in 1565? And what was he keen to do?
•Pope Pius V
•Fight heresy (protestantism)
74
What happens in 1568 (MQS)?
Mary Stuart is overthrown in Scotland and has given asylum in England
75
_______ _______ : ________ is born
June 1566, James
76
______ 1567 : Mary marries ________
May, Bothwell
77
May-June _____ : _______ _____ between Mary and ___________
1567, civil war, Bothwell
78
When is Mary captured?
June 1567
79
when is Mary forced to abdicate?
July 24th 1567
80
How did Mary declare she was the rightful queen of England previously?
The royal seal
81
What were in the Casket letters and what were used for?
•Letters between Bothwell and Mary
•used for her when she was on trial and executed her
82
Where was Mary imprisoned?
Manor Lodge in the north (Catholic stronghold)
83
What were the French war of religion? And when was it?
• war between French Catholics and French protestants
• 1562-1598
84
1562: ______ protestants massacred during riots in Toulouse
3,000
85
1572: ________ protestants massacred in Paris in ________ ____ __________
30,000 , Bartholomew Day Massacre
86
Who was the Eighty Years War between?
protestant Dutch and Catholic Spanish
87
______: Spanish Catholics executed over ______ Dutch Nobles
1568, 1,000
88
Who were given refuge in English ports?
Sea beggars who were Dutch Pirates who attacked Spanish shipping in the English channel
89
Who was the Dutch Protestant leader and when was the assassinated?
• William of Orange
• 1584
90
_____: English _______ attack and rob Catholic Spanish sailors in the New World
1562, Privateers
91
When do John Hawkins and Francis Drake fight the Naval battle with the Spanish? Where and what does it do?
•1568
•Battle San Juan de Ulua
•destroys trust with Spanish
92
Catholics in Ireland?
Desmond Rebellion in 1569, looked for but didn’t receive foreign help
93
When does the Pope excommunicate Elizabeth and what was this a consequence of?
•1570
•the northern rebellion
94
Who was given refuge in English ports and when?
• Sea Beggars with Dutch Pirates who attacked Spanish shipping
• 1560s
95
Who and when is Dutch protestant leader assassinated?
• William of Orange
• 1584
96
_____: English ________ attack and rob Catholic Spanish sailor in the New World
1562, Privateers
97
When did John Hawkins and Francis Drake fight a naval battle with the Spanish? Where and what does it do?
•1568
•Battle San Juan de Ulua
• destroys trust with Spanish
98
Catholics in Ireland?
Desmond Rebellion 1569 where Catholics looked for but didn’t receive foreign catholic help
99
When does the Pope excommunicate Elizabeth and what is a consequence of?
•1570
•the northern rebellion
100
How does Elizabeth deal with a Papal Bull?
Treason act passed in 1571 made it tries to own a copy of the Papal Bull
101
Who was the 1st to be executed under the Treason Act?
John Felton was caught nailing a copy to the bishop of London’s official residence
102
When was the Ridolfi plot?
1571
103
When was the Throckmorton plot?
1583
104
When was the Babington plot?
1586
105
What was the Ridolphi plot and who was it backed by? And what was the result of it?
•involved the Duke of Norfolk and MQS marrying and Spanish for invading England
•backed by Philip II
•Norfolk executed 1572
106
What was the Throckmorton plot and what happened?
•planned to Spanish invasion of England
•backed by a Spanish ambassador
107
What was the Babbington plot? how was it discovered and what happened?
•planned to assassinate Elizabeth and make MQS queen. Coded letters written by Mary to the plotters proved her involvement
•Discovered by Walsingham’s agent provocateurs
• Mary executed 1587
108
When was Mary executed?
1587
109
Who were Jesuits?
Catholic order of priests set up in Rome to fight protestantism
110
How many jesuits arrived in England?
600
111
How many jesuits were executed and how many were sent to prison?
•133
•377 which 100 of died
112
Who were seminary priests?
Trained to out-argue protestant preachers in England
113
When did seminary priests arrive in England and how many?
•Arrived in 1574
•279 arrived in 1574-85
114
Who was the 1st to be executed and how many were executed in total?
• Cuthbert Mayne
• 27
115
What was the recusancy fine increase to?
£20 (£3500 today)
116
How did Elizabeth the Catholics in 1581?
Made it an act of treason to convert to Catholicism and to recognise the Pope
117
How did Elizabeth deal with Catholics in 1585?
Punishable by death for a catholic priest to spend more than 40 days in England
118
_______ : Archpriest Controversy: _______ __________ was made Roman Archpriest of England by the Pope. He was _______
1598, George Blackwell, jesuit
119
What did the archpriest controversy do? And what did Elizabeth do?
•English Catholics were fearful of further repression so approached Elizabeth and told her they were loyal
•Elizabeth provided them with printing press to produce anti-Blackwell propaganda
120
What was Robert Dudley’s title after 1564?
Earl of Leicester
121
Who was Robert Dudley’s wife and when did she die?
•Amy Robsart
•1560
122
(F1) Howards and Dudley:
_______- Dudley accused the Earl of _______ of _________ and his cousin, the Duke of ________ retaliated by accusing Dudley of murdering his wife
1566, Sussex, misconduct, Norfolk
123
(F1)At court, what do people do to show which side they backed?
wore ribbons (blue and yellow)
124
(F1)What did Elizabeth do to intervene?
she said she would never marry Dudley
125
(F2)Dudley vs Cecil (marriage): who does Dudley persuade Elizabeth not to marry, when and what does Cecil do about this?
•ArchDuke Charles of Austria
•1567
• Cecil accuses Dudley of exploiting his religion
126
(F2) In 1579 who did Dudley whip up a public opinion against Elizabeth marrying whilst Cecil supported and why?
•Duke of Alencon (Son of Henry II of France)
•It would give England influence over French policy
127
(F3) Dudley vs Cecil (over war) what was it?
Cecil was not keen to support the protestant rebels in the Netherlands whilst Dudley was
128
(F3) in 1576 what did Dudley do?
Dudley persuaded the rebels to write Elizabeth and ask her to send an army led by Dudley to the Netherlands
129
(F3) what was the outcome of this faction?
Elizabeth eventually sent troops to Netherlands, but only once it looked as if Spain would win in 1585
129
When and who did Dudley remarry?
•Lettice Knolleys
•1576
130
What was Lettice Knolley’s significance?
•banned from court by Elizabeth
•Earl of Essex was adopted by Dudley
131
Who was Robert Devereux the Earl of Essex and when does he join the privy council?
•stepson of Dudley
•1593
132
Who was Robert Cecil and what year year did he join the privy Council?
•son and prodigy of William Cecil
•1593
133
(F4) Robert Cecil vs Essex what happened?
•Essex negotiated in secret with James VI in order to get Scotland involved with a war with Spain - Cecil opposed Essex
•Cecil successfully opposed Essex‘s attempt in getting his friends government jobs such as Robert Sydney becoming the Lord warden of the Cinque Ports
134
What did Essex do in 1601?
launched a rebellion and remove Cecil from the privy council
135
Why was marriage important and what problem would it cause if not done?
•to produce an heir
•no heir could cause a succession crisis or civil war
136
When does Elizabeth nearly die of a smallpox?
1562
137
Wen is James VI born and why does this remove pressure from Elizabeth?h
•1566
•she recognises him as and heir
138
Robert Dudley marriage positives?
•loves him
•rarely leaves her side 1558-1560
•depressed without him
139
Robert Dudley marriage negatives?
•wife died mysteriously in 1560
•poor (died with £86,000 debt)
•hated by Mary
140
Philip II marriage positives?
•married to Mary previously
•most powerful man in Europe
141
Philip II marriage negatives?
•English were xenophobic
•marriage would require a papal dispensation (she didn’t recognise the pope)
142
When did Philip II propose?
1588
143
Archduke Charles of Austria marriage positives?
•marriage supported by Cecil and Norfolk
•Cecil argued the marriage would give england more influence in Europe
•Earl of Sussex negotiates marriage terms well
144
Archduke Charles of Austria marriage negatives?
•opposed by Dudley
•Elizabeth rejects the idea in 1567 after MQS is overthrown
•Catholic
145
Francis Duke of Alencon marriage positives?
•Son of King of France
•Comes to England to woo her in 1579
•would give England more influence in European politics
146
Francis Duke of Alencon marriage negatives?
•23 years younger
•protestant
•Elizabeth rejects marriage in 1582
147
What years did Parliament petition Elizabeth to marry and what does this do to her?
•1559 and 1562
•makes her look bad
148
Sir _______ ________ wrote a pamphlet attacking the marriage to the ______ ___ _________. ________ his hand cut off in _______
John Stubbs, Duke of Alencon, Stubbs, 1579
149
Did people support Stubbs and what was the consequence of this?
•lots of public support
•Elizabeth looks bad
150
What did Peter Wentworth do and when?
•declared in parliament that Elizabeth’s name would live in ‘Infamy’
•1594
151
What did Elziabeth do as she was single and able to influence marriage?
she suggested that Dudley could be a possible husband for MQS but she rejected as he would be a ‘spy’
152
What was the role of the Privy Chamber?
The privy chamber are a group of no one who helped them Mona get dressed
153
Under Elizabeth, what was notable about the Privy Chamber?
The chamber was made up of women and were her friends not political figures
154
What was the privy chamber’s job in relation to the queen?
•sleep in the same bedroom to make sure she maintained self respect
•they could not marry without her express of permission
155
How could Elizabeth be influenced through the Privy Chamber and by who?
Dudley got some of her ladies in waiting to weep through the night at the prospect in order to put Elizabeth off the marriage with the Duke of Alencon
156
Why did courtiers remain unmarried during Elizabeth's reign?
In order to impress her
157
How long did Dudley remain unmarried?
Dudley remained unmarried for 16 years.
158
At what age did Hatton remain unmarried until?
Hutton remained unmarried until he was 26
159
What was the court culture like during Elizabeth's reign?
The court was a bit flirty it was light and fun
160
Who became a leading courtier due to his dancing skills and legs?
Sir Christopher Hatton
161
What title did Sir Christopher Hutton achieve in 1576 and what did Elizabeth call him?
•Lord Chancellor
•her [eye] “lids”
162
What nickname did Elizabeth give to Dudley?
her “eyes”
163
What did Elizabeth do to increase popularity in Court?
Used gender, stereotypes of fashion, beauty and dance
164
What and when was Accession Day?
•public day on the anniversary of Elizabeth becoming queen - she is in the centre of attention
•Nov 17th
165
What was believed in the Cult of Gloriana?
Elizabeth was married to England and the people were her children
166
How did Elizabeth successfully maintain the Cult of Gloriana and an example?
•propaganda and portraiture
•Rainbow Portrait (1601)
167
_______ _______ wrote a poem called the ________ ________ in ________. The poem compared Elizabeth to the Roman God ________
Edmund Spencer, Faerie Queen, 1576, Diana
168
What was the role of the Justice of the Peace?
caught and punished local criminals and collected taxes
169
How many wagons would Elizabeth have on her journey for court and what was it called?
•400
•royal progresses
170
How many members were there and what was this reduced to and when?
•1558-1596 : 19 members
•1597 : 11
171
What was the Privy Council a mix of and example?
•nobles and political experts
•William Petre who went to Oxford
172
Who did Elizabeth throw a slipper at?
Sir Francis Walsingham
173
______: after the ___ _____________ _____ __________ the Council believed there was danger of a Catholic invasion. All Councillors wore black when they met the ________ Ambassador = ________ for Elizabeth
1572, St Bartholomew Day Massacre, French, embarrassing
174
What did Earl of Sussex do?
•marriage negotiations with Archduke Charles of Austria
•defeated Northern Rebellion
•treated Elizabeth to theatrical performances
175
What did Christopher Hatton do?
•joined Privy Council 1577
•Lord Chancellor 1587
•sentenced Stubbs
•held vigil when Elizabeth had smallpox
176
What did Sir Walter Raleigh do?
•prominent protestant courtier but never on Privy Council
•had a royal charter to colonise the world
•landlords in Ireland for 17 years
•fought in French Wars and Desmond Rebellion
177
How did Parliament become more significant?
MPs back to the removal of Richard II during the War of Roses
178
What did the monarch need if they wanted to create new tax?
Parliament permission
179
What was Parliament not?
Legislative
180
Who were MPs chosen by?
Courtiers and counsellors
181
How many times did Elizabeth call Parliament in 45 years?
13 times
182
MPs are _______. In ______ attendance ranged from _____ - _____
unpaid, 1563, 31% - 64%
183
What did Elizabeth argue about parliament?
they had no right to discuss ‘matters of the state’
184
What were Parliament free to discuss?
Taxation and poor relief
185
_____ Parliament : called the _________ ______
1571, Treason Act
186
Who in the 1571 Parliament proposed a bill and what was it?
•Walter Strickland
•a bill with Puritan reforms e.g. banning wedding rings
187
Who proposed something in the 1586 parliament and what was it?
•Anthony Cope
•remove government authority, use ‘Geneva Prayer Book’
188
What caused long-term tension between Elizabeth and her government?
Elizabeth's refusal to deal with many for 19 years
189
What did Parliament demand after the Ridolfi plot in 1571?
The execution of Mary and Norfolk
(reluctantly executed Norfolk in 1572)
190
What was the outcome of Parliament's petition in 1586?
Elizabeth was successfully petitioned to execute Mary
191
Did Elizabeth ever get married and why?
•No and she refused to name a successor
•equating it to being buried alive.
192
When and who petitioned for Elizabeth to marry her name a successor?
•1566
•Robert Bull
•Elizabeth shut down this petition.
193
What did Elizabeth infringe upon when she shut down Bell's petition?
Parliamentary privilege
194
Who told Elizabeth she had no right to stop free speech?
Paul Wentworth
(He made this claim after Bell's petition was shut down)
195
What did Elizabeth instruct all MPs at the beginning of the 1571 Parliament?
Not to meddle in ‘matters of state’
196
What happened to Peter Wentworth in and when (3 things)?
•He was sent to the Tower:
-1576
-1587
•released 1593
197
What was the total debt racked by Mary due to fighting the French on behalf of Spain in 1558?
£227,000
198
To whom was half of the debt owed and what was the interest rate?
•Antwerp Exchange (bankers in Antwerp)
•14% p/a
199
Who provided financial advice to Elizabeth I?
Sir Thomas Gresham
200
What are three key recommendations for a healthy economy according to Gresham?
•Stay at peace
•Stop debasement
•Stop doing business with the Hanseatic League (group of German Businessmen)
201
What was the surplus amount for England and when?
•£300,000
•1584
202
What happened to the economy after 1585?
It deteriorated as England was at war
203
What power does Parliament have regarding taxation?
Allow Elizabeth to grant revenue through new taxes
204
What are customs duties and who reformed them before Elizabeth I came to the throne?
•The Book of Rates
•reformed by Mary
205
What happened to the rates in 1558?
They were adjusted to match inflation
206
How many items were taxed on arrival in England after the reform of the Book of Rates?
The number of taxed items increased from 790 to 1170.
207
What was the revenue from customs in 1557?
In 1557, the revenue from customs was £29,000.
208
What was the revenue from customs in 1559?
In 1559, the revenue from customs was £82,000.
209
What was the customs revenue in the 1590s?
In the 1590s, customs duties were only £91,000.
210
What was one result of the Book of Rates reform?
One result was an increase in illegal smuggling.
211
How much did income from crown lands increase during Elizabeth's reign?
Income from crown lands increased from £86,000 to £111,000.
212
What was Elizabeth's stance on increasing rent on her properties?
Elizabeth was reluctant to increase rent on her properties.
213
What were efficiency savings at the exchequer?
People working at the exchequer were allowed to borrow money for free.
214
What was discovered in 1571 regarding efficiency savings?
In 1571, the government found out that £44,000 were missing and stopped the practice.
215
What income did the crown receive from empty Holy Sees?
If a Holy See remained empty, the crown received their income.
216
How long did the Holy See of Oxford remain empty?
Oxford stayed empty for 41 years.
217
How long did the Holy See of Ely remain empty?
Ely remained empty for 19 years.
218
What were recusancy fines increased to in 1581?
Recusancy fines were increased to £20 in 1581.
219
What was the percentage increase in the price of goods between 1500 and 1560?
215%.
220
By what percentage did Elizabeth's income from crown lands increase?
23%.
221
What was the approximate rate of inflation during Elizabeth's reign?
30%.
222
Why couldn't Elizabeth's financial advisors fight inflation?
They didn't understand it.
223
What term describes the inflation situation that was not fully understood by Elizabeth's advisors?
'Known unknown'.
224
What was the silver content percentage in debasement by the 1550s?
Below 25%.
225
What percentage of the population was under 5 years old during the rise in population?
20%.
226
What was the population of the region mentioned in the causes of inflation?
4 million.
227
What discovery contributed to inflation across the continent?
Discovery of the New World.
228
Where did people believe gold and silver were from?
South America.
229
What was the nature of the price rise caused by the discovery of gold and silver?
Reactionary.
230
Who did people blame for inflation?
The wealthy landowners ('greedy gulls') who had made money enclosing land.
231
What was recoinage?
The process of replacing debased coins with valuable ones.
232
When did recoinage start?
1560.
233
What was the success of recoinage?
Base alloys from collected old coins were used to fill up potholes.
234
What were the failures of recoinage?
New coins were circulated but didn't impact inflation as merchants in Antwerp didn't recognise the new currency.
235
What legislation did Elizabeth implement regarding french wine?
Elizabeth legislated a maximum price on french wine.
236
What was a challenge in enforcing Elizabeth's legislation on french wine?
Enforcement was difficult.
237
Who benefited from the maximum price legislation on french wine?
It only benefitted the wealthy.
238
What was prohibited on Wednesdays and Fridays during Elizabeth's reign?
No meat could be sold, only fish.
239
Why did Protestants protest the fish days in 1563?
They objected to fasting.
240
How did fish days impact spending on food?
They curbed spending as meats were pricey.
241
What was one effect of fish days on fishing practices?
They encouraged more fishing and conserving of food stocks.
242
What was the purpose of the Book of Orders sent to JPs in 1586?
It was sent after a poor harvest to address food shortages.
243
What actions were banned by the Book of Orders?
It banned grain hoarding and limited quantities of corn that could be purchased.
244
What were clergy instructed to do in response to the poor harvest?
Clergy were instructed to pray for better weather.
245
How did the Book of Orders negatively impact certain areas?
It negatively impacted areas with less food or fewer farms, driving prices up further.
246
Where did the Book of Orders negatively impact?
Hull.
247
What was the population rise per year leading to increased poverty?
1% per year.
248
What was the population of England by 1601?
4.11 million people.
249
How much higher were prices in 1570 compared to 1500?
141% higher.
250
What caused high levels of immigration that contributed to increased poverty?
The French wars of religion and the Eighty Years' War.
251
What was the effect of high levels of immigration on the job market?
Created more demand for jobs.
252
What is vagrancy?
Vagrancy refers to the condition of people who travel around the country and beg for work.
253
What factors contributed to the increase in vagrancy?
High unemployment, troops being discharged far from home with injuries and without pay, poor farming methods since 1528, and the Tillage Acts.
254
What were the Tillage Acts?
The Tillage Acts prevented land that was enclosed from being converted into tillage (crops), although these were repealed in 1593.
255
How were vagrants viewed by society?
People feared vagrants and viewed them as criminals.
256
What is the title of Thomas Harman's work published in 1566?
'A Warning Against Vagabonds'.
257
What did Thomas Harman's 'A Warning Against Vagabonds' explain?
23 tricks vagabonds used to get money, referred to as knavery.
258
What was the 'counterfeit crank' trick?
Vagabonds chewed soap to foam at the mouth and mimic epilepsy.
259
What was the 'baretop trick'?
Women would take their clothes off to distract victims while accomplices attacked and robbed them.
260
What did 'Abraham men' do?
They faked insanity to gain sympathy donations.
261
What was St Bartholomew's hospital in London for?
It was for sick people.
262
What was Bethlehem hospital in London for?
It was for the insane.
263
What was Christ's hospital in London for?
It was for orphans.
264
What happened to charity as begging was forbidden?
Charity increased.
265
How many people in Norwich regularly donated to those living in poverty?
650 people donated to 200 people.
266
What were payments sometimes given to the 'impotent poor'?
Payments were given to help the elderly.
267
How often were payments given to the 'impotent poor' in York?
Payments were given daily.
268
What were recusancy fees sometimes used for?
They were used to fund assistance for the poor.
269
What was the purpose of the 1563 Statute of Artificers?
To solve youth unemployment and vagrancy.
270
What did the 1563 Statute of Artificers require unmarried individuals under 30 to do?
They must legally work for anyone who needs an employee.
271
What did the 1563 Statute of Artificers state about economic migration?
Individuals must work on the land unless they are scholars or sailors.
272
Who was responsible for settling wages according to the 1563 Statute of Artificers?
Justices of the Peace (JPs).
273
How long did wages in Kent remain unchanged after the 1563 Statute of Artificers?
Wages did not rise for 26 years.
274
What were the working hours established by the 1563 Statute of Artificers?
5am to 7pm daily and 5am to 8pm in summer, with 2.5 hours for breaks.
275
What did the 1563 Statute of Artificers establish to address the lack of skilled workers?
It set up apprenticeships for skilled occupations.
276
Who was required to train apprentices according to the 1563 Statute of Artificers?
Anyone who owned 15 acres of land or more.
277
What age range was specified for training apprentices in crop farming or thatching by the 1563 Statute of Artificers?
From age 10 to 24.
278
What restriction did the 1563 Statute of Artificers place on certain professionals regarding apprentices?
Some professionals could only take on their own sons as apprentices.
279
What did the 1572 Poor Relief act do?
It made contributions to the poor rate compulsory.
280
What did the 1576 Poor Relief act do?
Towns had to provide basic work for the idle poor. Beggars to be sent to houses of correction.
281
What did the 1598 Poor Relief act do?
Harsher punishments for beggars administered by JPs. Apprenticeships for pauper children. Overseers of the poor provide resources to the needy.
282
What did the 1601 Poor Relief act do?
1598 poor laws made permanent.
283
What was the religious affiliation of the Spanish Netherlands?
They were Protestant and controlled by Catholic Spain.
284
What event marked the beginning of the Dutch revolt against Spain?
The Dutch revolted in 1566.
285
What was the time period during which the English were at war with Spain and assisted the Dutch rebels?
Between 1584 and 1604.
286
What happened to English traders between 1563 and 1565 due to hostility with Spain?
They were forced to leave Antwerp for Emden in Germany.
287
Which two countries were the first to colonize the Americas?
Spain and Portugal.
288
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
A 1494 agreement that granted Spain and Portugal a monopoly over trade in the New World.
289
What was Elizabeth I's stance on papal authority regarding trade with the New World?
She did not recognize papal authority and wanted to trade with the New World.
290
What happened during the Battle of San Juan de Ulua in 1568?
Two Spanish galleons attacked five British privateer ships, resulting in 320 deaths.
291
What was the Spanish Bullion theft in 1568?
A Spanish ship carrying an £85,000 loan of gold was attacked by the Sea Beggars and docked in Plymouth; Elizabeth seized the gold.
292
What percentage of England's exports was made up by wool in 1563?
81%.
293
Where was English wool shipped for dyeing and selling in the 16th century?
Antwerp.
294
What occurred between 1568 and 1573 regarding English wool sales?
There was an embargo, and English wool couldn't be sold in Antwerp.
295
What event in 1576 led to the end of Antwerp as a financial center?
Unpaid Spanish soldiers mutinied, resulting in 18,000 deaths.
296
What was the Muscovy Company?
A trading company that exchanged hemp rope, wax, and timber with Russia.
297
What request did Elizabeth make regarding the Muscovy Company?
She asked that they not be taxed too harshly.
298
How did Ivan IV respond to Elizabeth's request about the Muscovy Company?
He ignored it.
299
What challenge did English merchants face in Russia?
They didn't understand Russian politics and found it difficult to establish themselves.
300
What significant diplomatic event occurred in 1573?
Ivan IV sent his first Russian ambassador to England.
301
What trade route did England seek to create in Persia?
A new trade route across the river Volga.
302
Why was England's trade route proposal to Persia rejected?
Because England wasn't Islamic.
303
What was the Levant Company known for in the 1580s?
Competing with Italians to import olive oil, silks, and spices from Turkey.
304
When was the Eastlands Company established?
In 1579.
305
What was the purpose of the Eastlands Company?
To trade in Northeastern Europe.
306
Who did the Eastlands Company compete with?
The Hanseatic League.
307
What goods did the Eastlands Company trade for?
Cloth and naval supplies.
308
What was the East India Company established for?
To trade with India and Indonesia.
309
When did the East India Company become successful?
In the 1700s, when it became the de facto ruler of India.
310
What monopoly did Elizabeth grant to English whalers in 1577?
A monopoly to whale off the coast of Norway.
311
Why couldn't English whalers compete in Norway?
They couldn't compete with the local Norwegian whalers.
312
What illegal activity did John Hawkins engage in 1562?
He sold 300 African slaves in South America.
313
What happened to John Hawkins after his first voyage?
He returned to England rich in 1563.
314
What did Elizabeth do regarding John Hawkins' second voyage?
She invested in it from 1564 to 1565.
315
What happened to Humphrey Gilbert in 1582?
He was lost at sea trying to establish a settlement in Newfoundland.
316
What occurred with the English colony at Roanoke in 1587?
It was found to have completely disappeared.
317
What did Sir Francis Drake accomplish from 1577 to 1580?
He circumnavigated the globe.
318
What did Sir Francis Drake do to Spanish colonies?
He attacked them, stealing £400,000.
319
What honor did Elizabeth bestow upon Sir Francis Drake?
She knighted him.
320
When did the Anglo-Spanish War take place?
It lasted between 1585 and 1604.
321
What was the financial cost of the Anglo-Spanish War?
It cost £4.5 million.
322
What was the surplus amount lost during the Anglo-Spanish War?
The £300,000 surplus was lost.
323
How did the Anglo-Spanish War affect Elizabeth's relationship with parliament?
It put strain on Elizabeth's relationship with parliament and finances.
324
What was a short term cause of England joining the Anglo-Spanish War?
The assassination of William of Orange.
325
Who was William of Orange?
He was a leader of the Dutch Protestants fighting the Spanish.
326
When was William of Orange assassinated?
On the 10th July 1584.
327
Who assassinated William of Orange and how much was he paid?
Gerard, his assassin, was paid 25,000 francs by Philip.
328
What action did Elizabeth take in retaliation for William of Orange's assassination?
She sent troops led by Dudley to fight the Spanish in the Netherlands.
329
What did the Treaty of Nonsuch commit England to?
It committed England to the war.
330
How many times did Elizabeth call parliament during her 45-year reign?
She called parliament 13 times.
331
How many times was parliament called specifically for the war?
It was called 4 times for the war.
332
What was the cost of the war between 1585 and 1589?
It cost £1 million.
333
What was the primary reason for the high cost during the war?
It was mostly due to the Spanish Armada in 1588.
334
How much money did Parliament grant Elizabeth in 1589?
Parliament granted Elizabeth £480,000.
335
What happened in 1593 regarding funding for Elizabeth?
There were fierce debates about whether to grant her more money, lasting 24 days.
336
What was the outcome of the 1593 debates in Parliament?
Parliament eventually granted her money but expressed concerns about their privileges.
337
How cooperative was Parliament in 1601 regarding funding for Elizabeth?
Parliament was largely cooperative and granted Elizabeth £300,000.
338
What were the main matters of state that caused clashes between Elizabeth and Parliament?
Marriage, succession, religion, and foreign policy.
339
What did Peter Wentworth demand from Elizabeth in 1591?
He demanded that she name a successor.
340
What happened to Peter Wentworth after he demanded Elizabeth name a successor?
He was interrogated and imprisoned until 1593.
341
What is purveyance?
The right for a monarch to buy luxury goods for a discounted price.
342
What did MPs want in return for granting Elizabeth generous taxes in 1593?
They wanted her to reform the system of purveyance.
343
How did Elizabeth respond to the MPs' request regarding purveyance?
She agreed to.
344
How did Elizabeth respond to the MPs' request regarding purveyance?
She agreed to look into it.
345
What is a monopoly?
The right to be the only person allowed to sell a product.
346
Why did Elizabeth award more monopolies towards the end of her reign?
She couldn't afford to reward people with pensions or land.
347
What did Robert Wingfield accuse people of in Parliament in 1597?
He accused them of 'abusing' their monopolies.
348
What was Elizabeth's response to the criticism of monopolies in 1597?
She agreed that monopolies were responsible for rising prices and revoked a few.
349
What happened in Parliament in 1601 regarding monopolies?
MPs were furious at Elizabeth for allowing more people to have monopolies.
350
How did MPs describe people with monopolies in 1601?
They described them as 'bloodsuckers'.
351
What did MPs demand regarding monopolies on pilchards, iron, sea-coal, and leather transportation?
They demanded that these monopolies be ended.
352
What was Robert Cecil's reaction to the debate about monopolies?
He became worried about the anger involved in the debate.
353
What was the name of the speech Elizabeth made to MPs in 1601?
Golden Speech
354
What was the purpose of the Golden Speech?
To calm tensions with Parliament and restore her prerogative.
355
What action did Elizabeth take regarding monopolies during the 1601 Parliament?
She banned some monopolies and passed others to the courts for analysis.
356
What was the outcome of the 1593 bill aimed at treating Catholics and Puritans harsher?
The Catholic part was passed, but harsher laws on Puritans were opposed by Walter Raleigh.
357
What did MPs propose in 1601 regarding plurality?
A bill to end plurality.
358
Who opposed the bill to end plurality in 1601?
Archbishop Whitgift.
359
What is plurality in the context of the church?
The allowance for priests to hold several jobs.
360
What was the consequence of the war with Spain regarding social attitudes?
Xenophobia increased.
361
What military tactic did Francis Drake use to defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588?
Advanced fire-ship tactics.
362
What measures did the government take to prepare for a potential Spanish invasion?
Local militias were taught to use firearms, beacons were to be lit on hills, and coastal towns were ordered to provide more ships to the Navy.
363
What happened to recusants during the threat of invasion?
They were imprisoned.
364
What percentage of findings did Elizabeth license British people to keep when preying on Spanish ships?
20%.
365
What was the name of the Spanish ship captured by privateers in 1592?
Madre de Deus.
366
What was the case against Dr. Lopez in 1594 based on?
An accusation of attempting to poison Queen Elizabeth.
367
What was the outcome for Dr. Lopez after the accusations?
He was executed, but Elizabeth likely did not believe he was guilty.
368
How did Elizabeth manage her court spending during the war?
She cut down her spending.
369
What unpopular financial practice did Elizabeth use instead of pensions?
Monopolies were awarded.
370
Who was given a monopoly on sweet wine?
The Earl of Essex.
371
What issue arose due to the awarding of monopolies?
It caused inflation.
372
What was a common form of corruption during Elizabeth's reign?
People accepted bribes instead of being paid.
373
What bribe did Robert Cecil accept?
A coach of horses.
374
Which of Elizabeth's favorite advisors died in 1588?
Leicester.
375
Which advisor died in 1591?
Hatton.
376
Who died in 1598?
William Cecil.
377
How did the new advisors compare to Elizabeth's old advisors?
They were often not as able and less sympathetic to the war.
378
What was the nature of the conflict between Essex and Robert Cecil?
Essex was more aggressive while Cecil was more cautious regarding the conduct of the war.
379
How did Essex undermine Elizabeth's prerogative in Ireland?
He collaborated with Spain to prove himself over Cecil.
380
What economic consequence did Elizabeth face due to the war with Spain?
Parliament was called more often to fund the war.
381
What was the relationship between Elizabeth and Parliament in her last 15 years?
It became hostile.
382
How much money did Parliament grant Elizabeth in 1589?
£480,000.
383
How much crown lands did Elizabeth sell between 1599 and 1601?
£200,000.
384
How much did Elizabeth forcibly borrow from her wealthy subjects in 1588?
£75,000.
385
How much did Elizabeth borrow from the city of London in 1588?
£56,000 at 10% per annum.
386
How did the war with Spain affect the image of Catholicism?
It became associated with foreigners, treason, violence, and invasion.
387
What did Jesuits and seminary priests urge the public to do during the war?
Support Spain.
388
What division arose among Catholics regarding the throne during the war?
They couldn't decide between James or the Spanish Catholic Infanta Isabella.
389
What happened to many Catholics in 1601?
They were imprisoned in Robert Cecil's Wisbech Castle.
390
Who was made the Catholic Roman Archpriest of England in 1598?
George Blackwell.
391
What did most Catholics declare in response to the war and persecution?
Their loyalty to Elizabeth.
