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History A-level Tudors. > Elizabeth 1 > Flashcards

Elizabeth 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Philip II of Spain?

A

Son of Charles V; married Mary I

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2
Q

Who is Mary Stuart?

A

Catholic, Mary queen of Scots; cousin of Elizabeth through Henry VIII’s daughter Margaret; executed following series of catholic plots.

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3
Q

Who was Pius V

A

Pope

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4
Q

What did the Pope do?

A

Issued a papal bull declaring Elizabeth I a heretic and released her subjects from their loyal duty to her.

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5
Q

Who was Francis Walsingham?

A

Protestant, secretary of state and member of PC known as Elizabeth’s spymaster, gained evidence to convict Mary Stuart of treason.

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6
Q

Who was Matthew Parker?

A

Elizabeth’s first archbishop of Canterbury (1559-75)

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7
Q

Who was Edmund Grindal?

A

Elizabeth’s second archbishop of Canterbury. Put under house arrest as refusing to act against prophesying’s (1575-83)

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8
Q

Who was John Whitgift?

A

Elizabeth’s 3rd archbishop of Canterbury, issued 3 articles, acknowledged royal supremacy, agreed common book of prayer/39 articles.

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9
Q

Who was William Of Orange?

A

Protestant, leader of Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, his assassination led to fears of catholic plots in England to kill Elizabeth.

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10
Q

What key event happened in 1558?

A

Act of supremacy; removed the pope as head of church and declared Elizabeth supreme governor of the church.

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11
Q

What key event happened in 1559?

A

Act of uniformity; set out what form the English church would take, including the re establishment of the book of common prayer, with a few modifications.

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12
Q

What key event happened in 1566?

A

Vestments controversy - 37 preachers deprived.

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13
Q

What key event happened in 1568?

A

Mary Stuart fled Scotland and arrived in England

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14
Q

What key event happened in 1569?

A

Revolt of the Northern Earls, also known as Rising of the North and the Northern Rebellion

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15
Q

What key event happened in 1570?

A

Papal Bull of Pius V, excommunicating Elizabeth; Cartwright gave a series of lectures which said that role of bishops + other officials not reflected in the bible.

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16
Q

What key 3 events happened in 1571?

A

Ridolfi Plot. Treasons act. Strickland’s bill to reform the Book of Common Prayer.

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17
Q

What key event happened in 1572?

A

Field and Wilcox publish Admonition (warning) to the parliament - example of puritan propaganda.

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18
Q

What key event happened in 1574?

A

Seminary priests arrived.

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19
Q

What key event happened in 1580?

A

Jesuit missionary priests started arriving in England; treated as foreign spies; Prophesying’s

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20
Q

What are Prophesying’s?

A

Clergy come together to discuss the Bible.

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21
Q

What key event happened in 1583?

A

Throckmorton plot

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22
Q

What key event happened in 1585?

A

Parliament passes an act against seminary priests and Jesuits

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23
Q

What key event happened in 1586?

A

Babington plot

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24
Q

What key event happened in 1587?

A

Execution of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, Cope’s ‘bill and book’ to overturn the government of the church (bishops)

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25
Q

What key event happened in 1588?

A

Spanish Armada sent by Phillip II of Spain.

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26
Q

What was the Divine Right Of Kings?

A

The belief that monarchs have been chosen by God and therefore it is sacrilege for the people to turn against their monarch and kill them.

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27
Q

What was the York conference?

A

Meeting in York, following Mary Stuart’s arrival in England, to decide if Mary should stand trial for killing her husband, Lord Darnley

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28
Q

What is excommunication?

A

When the pope declares a person is no longer a member of the catholic church; this removed the obligation on any catholic to obey Elizabeth.

29
Q

What were casket letters?

A

Radical puritans that believed Elizabeth’s church could not be reformed and so wanted to set up a completely independent church

30
Q

What was the St. Bartholomew’s day massacre?

A

In Paris, French Catholics killed French protestants; marked new stage in French wars of religion, following Ridolfi plot, increased fears of Catholic attack on protestants in England.

31
Q

What are Presbyterians?

A

Wanted to replace system of government in English Church which focused on bishops

32
Q

What are recustants?

A

Those who refused to attend the new church, they had to pay a fine of one shilling a week - not much for a rich person.

33
Q

What are Jesuits?

A

Catholic Priests; members of the society of Jesus; trained in Europe they entered England to support Catholics and bring the country back to Catholicism.

34
Q

What happened with the revolt of the Northern Earls?

A

Aims to end Elizabeth’s reign and restore catholic religion; Durham they stormed cathedral, destroyed protestant books, communion table. Govt. kept control of Berwick and York and Catholic nobles in west, Lancashire and Cheshire didn’t join revolt. Mary Stuart moved to another prison; Earl of Essex raised a huge army 10,000 men against them rebels fled as army approached. No foreign support came; Earls escaped into Scotland.

35
Q

When was the Revolt of the Northern Earls?

A

1569

36
Q

What was the significance of the Northern Earls rebellion?

A

Northumberland handed over by Scott’s and beheaded; Elizabeth ordered execution of 700 rebels, only around 450 actually killed. English Catholics didn’t support revolt, neither did France, Spain or the Pope. The revolt demonstrated that as long as Mary was in England there was likely to be Catholics plotting to free her and restore Catholicism. Elizabeth ordered execution shows fearful another similar revolt may happen.

37
Q

When was the Ridolfi plot?

A

1571

38
Q

What happened in the Ridolfi plot?

A

Ridolfi carried messages from Mary Stuart to Duke of Alva in the Netherlands, Pope and Phillip of Spain asked to invade England, overthrow Elizabeth, put Mary on the throne and restore Catholicism. the invasion and list of likely supporters left with Duke of Norfolk. Norfolk’s servants betrayed him under interrogation and he was arrested, plot over before it had even started.

39
Q

What was the significance of the Ridolfi plot?

A

Duke of Norfolk put on trial and beheaded, Elizabeth expelled the Spanish ambassador relations with Spain however did not decline at this point. Elizabeth pressured to pass anti - catholic laws, passed one which declared treason to deny she was the rightful queen. Increased fears of catholic plots and showed Mary Stuart’s presence was still at threat.

40
Q

When was the Throckmorton plot?

A

1583

41
Q

What happened in the Throckmorton plot?

A

The aim was for a popular uprising in the north at the same time as a French invasion led by Duke of Guise and financially supported by Spain. Originally a four pronged attack, but only two took place. Throckmorton was arrested after 6 months of surveillance, papers found incriminating number of leading catholic nobles and throckmorton confessed Mary Stuart knew of the plot but later withdrew this. It was discovered before it could get going.

42
Q

Who was Throckmorton?

A

Young English catholic who carried letters between Mary tuart and the French and Spanish ambassadors, and also kept in contact with some of the English Catholic nobility.

43
Q

What was the significance of the Throckmorton plot?

A

Throckmorton executed, two nobles implicated.The Spanish ambassador was expelled and no further Spanish embassy was allowed at court increasing fears of catholic plots especially after assassination of William Orange. Mary Stuart’s presence shown as still being a threat. Bonds of Association passed in Parliament said that in the event of a threat on Elizabeth life, Mary Stuart was to be executed.

44
Q

When was the Babington plot?

A

1586

45
Q

What does ‘Never Really Threatened Bess’ stand for?

A

Northern earls rebellion
Ridolfi plot
Throckmorton plot
Babington plot

46
Q

What were the four crucial rebellions?

A

Norhern earls, Ridolfi, Throckmorton, Babington.

47
Q

What happened in the Babington plot?

A

The aim was to restore Catholicism through a Spanish invasion, the feeling of Mary and the removal of Elizabeth. Catholic priests who had originated the plot were under surveillance, Walsingham had also placed spies in Mary’s household and intercepted letters where Mary replied to Babington with advice on how to ensure plot success. The plot was allowed to go on until Walsingham and Cecil had gained enough evidence to show Elizabeth as complicit.

48
Q

Who was Babington?

A

Young English Catholic who carried letters for Mary Stuart and encouraged by catholic friends to join a plot.

49
Q

What was the significance of the Babington plot?

A

Babington and two other conspirators arrested, tried and condemned to death for treason. Mary Stuart put on trial and found guilty of plotting to take Elizabeth’s life. Elizabeth didn’t want to sign Mary’s death warrant and when she did she refused to send it. The PC sent it and arranged Mary’s execution, with her now dead, Spain would have less concern about removing Elizabeth as queen.

50
Q

What was Elizabeth’s religious settlement?

A

Act of supremacy

Act of uniformity

51
Q

What was the Act of Supremacy?

A

removed the pope as the head of the church and declared Elizabeth as the supreme governor, crime to assert the authority of the pope or any foreign prince and third offence could lead to execution.

52
Q

What was the Act of Uniformity and what were the catholic elements?

A

Outlined form of worship, catholic elements included decoration and images, singing of hyms, clergy to wear surplice not plain black grown and bread and wine where to be offered during Holy communion. No explicit denial of transubstantiation.

53
Q

What were the protestant elements of the Act of Uniformity?

A

Protestant elements included Bible and services to be in English, all Clergy had to take an oath recognising Elizabeth’s authority and agreeing to use new prayer book. Clergy allowed to marry; bishops would run church and preachers had to have license to preach and preach at least once a month.

54
Q

What was the main aim of Elizabeth’s religious settlement?

A

The main aim was to unite the country and ensure loyalty to Elizabeth.

55
Q

What were the successes of Elizabeth’s religious settlement?

A

Most clergy took the oath of loyalty; ordinary Catholics accepted Elizabeth’s title of supreme governor; making no changes to the appearance of the churches which won many people over; many people who wanted the Latin mass attended the new church and then had a secret service later, government was content as long as people were outwardly conforming.

56
Q

What were the failures of Elizabeth’s religious settlement?

A

All but one of the Marian bishops resigned rather than take the oath, 250 out of 9,000 priests refused to take the oath of loyalty and lost their jobs; puritan bishops complained the churches looked too catholic.

57
Q

What was the nature of the catholic challenge to the settlement?

A
  • No mass opposition to the religious settlement
  • Some Catholics hesitated at idea of lack of Latin mass, saw Elizabeth as illegitimate heretic.
  • Pope Pius IV took no action against Elizabeth, wanted to see if she could be brought round to Catholicism, later ordered Catholics not to attend mass and excommunicated her in 1570.
  • Little support for catholic rebellions from Europe.
  • With arrival of MQS fears of catholic plots and invasions increased, laws passed against Catholics who opposed Elizabeth.
  • Around 200 Catholics executed throughout Elizabeth’s reign, mainly Jesuit priests.
58
Q

What was the nature of the puritan challenge to the settlement?

A
  • Puritans pleased with protestant elements of settlement but thought church too catholic
  • Puritans were a minority although strong in London
  • Some puritans accepted positions as bishops in church in hope could change it from the inside.
  • Some MP’s puritans, as were some of the PC
  • Puritan bishops tried and failed to get removal of Holy days using sign of cross, organ music and use of surplices as vestments
  • Elizabeth saw puritan attempts to change church as an attack on her. Some puritans MP’s who tried making changes to church through parliament were imprisoned.
  • No puritan plot to overthrow Elizabeth as only candidate to replace here as Catholic Mary Stuart.
  • Divisions within puritans; some wanted minor changes while others wanted to get rid of bishops or even whole structure of the church.
59
Q

What did Puritans want in regard to the churches?

A

Plain churches; no religious vestments, an explicit denial of transubstantiation. they also did not believed there should need a head of the church or any bishops.

60
Q

How did Elizabeth win support for the new church?

A

Church looked catholic; fines for recusancy weren’t high for rich and govt. not overly concerned about collecting fines. Made attendance at church a test of loyalty to crown and country, licensed to be able to preach allowed control of what they preached. Used imagery to show herself as savoir of Protestantism and bringer of religious harmony. Visitations.

61
Q

What were visitations?

A

Inspections of churches and clergy by bishops to check compliance with the religious settlement, the first of these resulted in 400 clergy being dismissed. Visitations every three or four years covered not just priests but also inspection of licensed teachers, surgeons and midwives.

62
Q

Why did Mary Stuart (MQS) arrive in England in 1568?

A

Her husband Francis II of France died Mary returned to Scotland, now protestant country ruled by protestant lords and Mary had little power. Married Henry Lord Darnley (distant claim to English throne) and had son James Darnley proved to be unstable and abusive. Darnley strangled and house blew up, Mary married chief suspect in the death; Earl of Boswell. Scottish lords forced Mary to abdicate in favour of infant son and imprisoned her. She escaped and fled to England. Mary had emphasised claim to English throne by displaying English royal coat of arms; she had son which would have assured the line of succession; she was catholic and some Catholics believed she was legitimate queen and Elizabeth should be removed in her favour.

63
Q

Why did the revolt of the Northern Earls happen?

A

Catholicism strong in North and wanted old religion restored; Elizabeth taken land from the northern nobles and many of them faced financial hardship, govt of north taken away from lords and given to council of north. Earl of Sussex had been made it’s president and Earl of Northumberland had lost its position as Warden of the Middle March and Lord Hunsdon, the queen’s cousin had been put in charge of Berwick, Earls already plotted to marry Mary Stuart to Duke of Norfolk.

64
Q

Why was Washington effective as a spymaster?

A

He was member of PC and secretary of state = power and authority. employed network of spies and agents both in England and abroad, some of whom acted as double agent for him; using interrogation and torture to extract information - e.g plotters like Throckmorton. effective at seizing Jesuits when they came to England, Lord Lieutenants of each country and bishops reported any threats to him. Foreigners houses could be searched and owners of Inns had to inform him when foreigners stayed there, custom officials stopped, searched and questioned travellers from overseas and confiscated suspicious letters or documents.

65
Q

Why did Elizabeth imprison MQS?

A

Mary was a threat as a rival, Catholic claimant to the throne, especially when Elizabeth had no children but Mary does. She couldn’t send Mary back to Scotland because they might execute her and Elizabeth believed in the Divine right of Kings. Mary had lot of support in Europe - especially France and if Mary was given freedom she might have been able to stir up trouble for Elizabeth with those who supported her claim to the English throne.

66
Q

Why was MQS executed?

A

Believed that while she lived Elizabeth and the Church of England was under threat, after a number of catholic plots the Babington plot gave strong enough evidence of Mary’s complicity in plots against Elizabeth. Mary found guilty of treason and sentenced to death.

67
Q

When was MQS executed?

A

1587

68
Q

How successful was Elizabeth at dealing with domestic threats?

A
  • Walsingham’s spy network meant plots could be dealt with before they began.
  • Most Catholics didn’t want to get involved or support revolts against Elizabeth.
  • Elizabeth tried to prevent parliament making harsher anti - catholic laws, feared catholic plots.
  • Spain didn’t want see Mary Stuart on English throne due to links with France.
  • Most plots and revolts involved number of noble families
  • Elizabeth reluctant to execute MQS
  • Marriage and having a child would have ended MQS, Elizabeth chose not to take this course, despite prompting from PC and Parliament.

History A-level Tudors. (8 decks)

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