Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry Block 1 > Electron transport chain > Flashcards

Electron transport chain Flashcards

1
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the process of energy transduction takes place through a highly integrated network of chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

biologically, about ____ of food energy is conserved as ATP and the remaining ____ is liberated as heat

A

40% and 60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in adipose tissues excess dietary fuels are stored mainly as?

A

triacylglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

in muscle,liver,kidneys and other tissues excess dietary fuels are stored as?

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a disorder in which there is an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure is?

A

obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ATP is an energy rich molecule because it contains?

A

two phosphoanhydride bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many stages we have on the extraction of energy from foodstuffs by aerobic organisms?

A

3 stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

functions of ATP are?

A
  • synthesis of cellular macromolecules
  • synthesis of other cellular constituents(membrane phospholipids and certain required metabolites)
  • cellular movement
  • transport of molecules against a concentration gradient
  • generation of an electric potential across a membrane(important for nerve function)
  • heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the ATP complex requires what kind of ion to properly function?

A

magnesium ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when energy can’t neither be made nor utilized in adequate amounts , the patient has a?

A

magnesium deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

plants, algae,many bacteria are considered?

A

autotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

animals, fungi and many bacteria are considered?

A

heterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are chemotrophs ?

A

organisms that utilize the organic material synthesized by autotrophs as a source of energy
organic compound + O2= CO2 + H20 + energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the quantitative study of energy relationships and energy conversions in biological systems is ?

A

bioenergetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the first law of thermodynamics is ?

A

for any physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the second law of thermodynamics is?

A

in all natural processes, the entropy of the universe increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the degree of randomness or disorder in a system is called ?

A

entropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the most valuable thermodynamic concept for understanding bioenergetics is ?

A

free energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hows the free energy in an exergonic reaction ?

A

deltaG<0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hows the free energy in an endergonic reaction ?

A

deltaG>0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

for a chemical reaction or mechanical process, the forward reaction or process ( from left to right as written) will tend to occur spontaneously

A

deltag is negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the reverse reaction (from right to left as written) will tend to occur

A

if deltaGpositive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

both forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates . reaction is in equilibrium

A

deltaGzero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the change of free energy of a reaction is influenced by which factors?

A

temperature
pressure
initial concentration of reactants and products
ph of solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

heat in a chemical reaction , the __________ of the reactants or products is equal to their total bond energies

A

enthalpy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the products contain less bond energy than the reactants , the livberated energy is sually converted to heat and delt H is negative

A

exothermic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the products contain more bond energy than the reactants , heat is absorbed and deltaH is positive reactions tend to proceed if they liberate energy ( if deltaH<0)

A

endothermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how is the BMR measured?

A

usually after 8 hours of sleep, in the reclining position, in the postabsorptive state typically after 12 hour fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

virtually all of the chemical reactions in the body are exothermic, and the sum of all reactions at rest is called?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate(BMR)

30
Q

What are the 2 basic methods in which BMR can be measured?

A

direct calorimetry or indirect calorimetry

31
Q

the toal heat liberated by an animal is measured over time, this is?

A

direct calorimetry

32
Q

BMR is calculated from the quantity of oxygen consumed, which is directly related to the BMR

A

indirect calorimetry

33
Q

whats oxidation?

A

the loss of electrons from an atom or a molecule

34
Q

what is reduction?

A

the gain of electrons by an atom or a molecule

35
Q

the mechanism by which energy derived from fuel oxidation is conserved in the form of ATP is?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

36
Q

the outer membrane (OMM) contains?

A

enzyme and transport proteins ,a nd via the pore forming protein porin , it is permeable to ions, small molecules and proteins less than 10000 Da.

37
Q

large proteins must be transported via?

A

TOM(translocase in outer mitochondrial membrane) and TIM (translocase inner mitochondrial membrane) complexes

38
Q

T/F does the mitochondrial genemo encodes 13 vital subunits of the proton pumps and ATP synthase

A

true

39
Q

the major redox coenzymes involved in transduction of energy from fuels to ATP are?

A
  • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD+)
  • Flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)
  • Flavin mononucleotide ( FMN)
40
Q

The energy produce when NADH and FADH2 protons reenter the mitochondrial matrix is used to synthesize ATP is known as?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

41
Q

where the electron transport chain or respiratory chain is located ?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

42
Q

proteins that contain a heme prosthetic groups are?

A

cytochromes

43
Q

which iron is involved in one electron transfer involving the Fe2+ and Fe3+ oxidation states

A

heme

44
Q

participate in one electron transfer involving the Cu+ and Cu2+ oxidation states?

A

copper bound proteins

45
Q

the protein components of the electron transport chain are?

A
  1. NADH dehydrogenase
  2. succinate dehydrogenase
  3. ubiquinone cythocrome c oxidoreductase , cytochrome C+
  4. cytochrome oxidase
46
Q

which is not a aprt of an ezyme complex, it moves between complexes III and IV as freely soluble protein?

A

cytochrome c

47
Q

complex I contains the coenzyme?

A

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

48
Q

On step 1 NADH interacts with the first complex enzyme known as ?

A

NADH DEHYDROGENASE

49
Q

what is the function of Co Q?

A

collects electrons from both complex I and complex II and transfers them to complex III

50
Q

when NADH passes along 2 electrons to first FMN, then to an iron-sulfur protein (FeS), and finally to _______________

A

coenzyme Q (coQ)

51
Q

what is the net affect of first ETC reaction?

A

to regenerate coenzyme NAD+

52
Q

Which complex acts as succinate dehydrogenase(fumarate reductase) oxidizing succinate to fumarate by removing two electrons?

A

COMPLEX II

53
Q

Complex III A.K.A ?

A

ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase

54
Q

reaction of CoQH2

A

CoQH2 passes along the 2 electrons first to cytochrome b1 heme, then b2 heme, then to an Fe.S protein, then to cytochrome c1 and finally to cytochrome C

55
Q

in mammals this enzyme is a dimer with each subunit containing 11 protein subunits, an {2Fe-2S} iron-sulfur cluster, one cytochrome c1 and two cytochromes b

A

complex III

56
Q

which is the last protein complex on the electron transport chain?

A

complex IV( cytochrome oxidase)

57
Q

if less than four electrons are transferred in the ETC what type of molecules are formed?

A

free radical oxygen molecules, such as peroxide and superoxide

58
Q

T/F The synthesis of ATP is driven by reverse flow of protons down the gradient

A

TRUE

59
Q

T/F for each two protons traversing the ATP synthase complex, one molecule of ATP is formed from ADP and Pi

A

TRUE

60
Q

What is the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis proposed by mitchell?

A

the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

61
Q

what acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

the Fo component of ATP synthase

62
Q

what are the ADP/ATP translocators ?

A 
adenine nucleotide translocase ( antiporter)
ATP synthase
Phosphate translocase (symporter)
63
Q

inhibitor ROTENONE blocks electron trasnport chain where?

A

NADH to coenzyme Q , same point that barbiturate AMYTAL works as well

64
Q

antymycin A is an antibotic the blocks where?

A

from cytochrome b to cytochrome c1( Complex III)

65
Q

british anti lewisite (BAL), antidote to an old war gas , 1,2-dithioglycerol is an inhibitor of ?

A

Complex III

66
Q

blocks transfer from cytochrome oxidase (complex IV) TO OXYGEN in the ETC

A 
hydrogen cyanide
carbon moxide
hydrogen sulfide
azide ion 
respiratory inhibitors
67
Q 
2,4 dinitrophenol (2,4 DNP) 
trifluorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP) are?
A

ETC uncoplers

68
Q

only mitochondria found in Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contain an uncoupling protein called?

A

THERMOGENIN (UCP1) - generates heat by regulated uncoupled

69
Q

in this process , free fatty acids remove purine nucleotides( ADP,ATP,GDP,GTP) inhibition of thermogenin (UCP1) which causes an influx of H+ into the matrix of the mitochondrion and bypassses the ATP synthase channel

A

THERMOGENESIS

70
Q

Mitochondria accumulate in affected tissues gives a characteristic staining pattern of ___________ in defective muscle recognizable by light microscope

A

RAGGED RED FIBERS

71
Q

What increases the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle by inducing mitochondrial biogenesis?

A

exercise

72
Q

it is a fuel sensor, and it plays a critical role in initiating the production of new mitochondria and electron transport components…?

A

AMP activated protein kinase.

Biochemistry Block 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions