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Biochemistry Block 1 > Cellular organelles > Flashcards

Cellular organelles Flashcards

1
Q

what is a sophisticated entity that can respond to a multitude of stimuli and changes its microenvironment?

A

THE CELL

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2
Q

It is considered a system for the purification/isolation for a specific type of cell?

A

MAC SYSTEM

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3
Q

In immunotherapy what type of cells are used ,since they contain antigens?

A

DENTRITIC CELLS

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4
Q

Which microscope is use to provide better clarity that reveals the cell interior?

A

The electron microscope

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5
Q

what structures are considered the functional building blocks of cells?

A

Membrane-enclosed organelles

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6
Q

To where do membrane receptors transmit signals ?

A

From the extracellular space into the CYTOPLASM

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7
Q

Depending on the cell type , the nucleus can range in ________ diameter?

A

2 to 20 micrometers

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8
Q

which membrane organelle contains most of the genetic information (chromosomes) and it is the major site of gene regulation?

A

NUCLEUS

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9
Q

what are the specialized structure that package and order the DNA into structural units called NUCLEOSOMES?

A

HISTONES

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10
Q

What are the 5 major families of histones?

A 
H1/H5
H2A
H2B
H3
H4
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11
Q

H1/H5 are?

A

linker histones(locks DNA into place)

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12
Q

what are the core histones?

A

H2A,H2B,H3,H4

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13
Q

A blue fluorescent DNA stain that exhibits (aprox)20 folds enhancement of fluorescence upon binding to AT regions of dsDNA is?

A

DAPI(4-6 DIAMIDINO-2-PHENYLINDOLE,DILACTATE)

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14
Q

Each animal cell has a single nucleus except?

A

skeletal muscle and neutrophils,eosinophils and basophils which have granulocytes segmented nucleus

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15
Q

PMN’S(polymorphonuclear cells family) are?

A

neutrophils,eosinophils and basophils

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16
Q

this type of cell is the most abundant , has the capability to phagocyte, engulf bacteria and has 3 or more lobes?

A

neutrophils

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17
Q

this type of cell has 2 lobes, has the capability of engulfing and destroys foreign cells, by releasing a specialized chemical that kills bacteria?

A

eosinophils

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18
Q

this type of cell has more than one lobe, releases histamine at site of tissue injury and releases heparin?

A

basophil

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19
Q

what provides structural support in the nuclear envelope?

A

LAMINS

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20
Q

What provides a transport pathway between the cytoplasm and the nuclear interior?

A

NUCLEAR PORES

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21
Q

T/F
all the RNA transcripts that are produced in the nucleus must pass through nuclear pores to be translated in the cytoplasm?

A

TRUE

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22
Q

what are the two types of chromatin?

A

Euchromatin and heterochromatin

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23
Q

which type of chromatin is loosely packed region which stains light and it is considered transcriptionally active chromatin?

A

EUCHROMATIN

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24
Q

which type of chromatin is densely packed and stains dark and it is transcriptionally inactive?

A

HETEROCHROMATIN

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25
Q

What provides support to the nuclear envelope and has nuclear reassembly ?

A

NUCLEAR LAMINA

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26
Q

which disease is characterized for a mutation in gene LAMIN A and causes premature aging?

A

PROGERIA

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27
Q

Where is the major site of protein synthesis?

A

RIBOSOMES

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28
Q

T/F Do ribosomes exist free in the cytosol?

A

TRUE

29
Q

what is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Protein synthesis, ion sequestration/release and processing/trafficking of membrane associated and secreted proteins

30
Q

which part of the ER participates in lipid synthesis?

A

The smooth ER

31
Q

Which membrane bound organelle also serves as a major reservoir for calcium ions ?

A

ER

32
Q

Which ion plays a major role in intracellular signaling?

A

Ca2+

33
Q

which organelle is responsible for packing proteins, processing station that participates in protein maturation and targets newly synthesized proteinsto their appropriate subcellular destinations?

A

GOLGI COMPLEX

34
Q

describe the pathway of packing proteins??

A

rER—-GOLGI COMPLEX—VESICLES–CELL MEMBRANE–FUSED LARGER LIPID BILAYER

35
Q

What are the functions of the mitochondria?

A

lipid/carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative phosporilation and ATP synthesis.

36
Q

which organelle participates in the metabolism of molecules for excretion and in the destruction of oxidative free radicals.

A

MITOCHONDRIA

37
Q

What is intrinsic apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death due to DNA damage or oxidative stress.

38
Q

programmed cell death is know as

A

APOPTOSIS

39
Q

what is extrinsic apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death due to cellular receptors in plasma membrane

40
Q

what is the function of B-cell lymphoma 2(BCl2)?

A

promotes cellular survival by inhibiting the action of pro-apoptotic proteins.

41
Q

on the intrinsic apoptosis cascade what initiates the apoptotic cascade?

A

CYTC, APAF1 AND CASPASE9

42
Q

What are the pro-apototic proteins?

A

BAX/BAK

43
Q

Describe the apoptotic cascade…

A
  1. cytc, APAF1 and CASPASE9
  2. apoptosome
  3. caspase 3
  4. caspase 6
  5. caspase 7
  6. apoptosis
44
Q

which regulatory protein mediates the uptake of Ca+ across the mitochondrial inner membrane and into the matrix ?

A

MCU with regulatory protein MICU

45
Q

Where is the mtDNA or mDNA located?

A

in the mitochondria

46
Q

T/F does most of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA?

A

TRUE

47
Q

Mythocondrial dysfunction in Huntigntons disease is caused by?

A

expression of abnormal huntingtin protein

48
Q

which type of disease causes progressive brain disorder that causes uncontrolled movements,emotional problems and loss of thinking ability ?

A

HUNTINGTONS DISEASE

49
Q

How many genes does mitochondrial DNA contains?

A

14-15 genes

50
Q

which organlle was initially proposed as cellular waste resulting from cell damage?

A

exosomes

51
Q

type of organelle involved in complex cargo of proteins , lipids and nucleic acids and are capable of delivering these cargos to the target cells they encounter?

A

exosomes

52
Q

which organelle is considered the cell’s trash incinerator ?

A

Lysosomes

53
Q

which type of proton pump ensures that the lysosome espace maintains its extremely acidic environment , which aids in protein hydrolysis?

A

V-ATPASE PUMP

54
Q

Which disease is the most common type of lysosomal storage diseases?

A

GAUCHER

55
Q

What is TAY SACHS Disease?

A

another type of lysosomal storage diseases

56
Q

in the cytoplasm which organelles have unknow shape ?

A

endosomes, peroxisomes and transport vesicles

57
Q

it is considered a non amorphous structure but it is organized by the cytoskeleton?

A

CYTOPLASM

58
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of what kind of protein filaments?

A

intermediate filaments, microtubules, thin filaments , thick filaments

59
Q

how many histones contains the nucleosome?

A

8 histones

60
Q

how many levels of compactation has the DNA?

A

5 levels

61
Q

what are the subunits of a microtubule?

A

heterodimers of alfa-beta tubulin form long protofilaments

62
Q

function of microtubules are?

A

structural support and basis for several types of subcellular motility , show dynamic instability

63
Q

what are the subunits of intermediate filaments?

A

tetramer of two coiled dimers

64
Q

function of intermediate filaments ?

A

structural support , predominant keratins (nails,hair, outer skin layers )

65
Q

what are the subunits of thin filaments?

A

globular or G-actin arrange in a double helix to form fibrous or F-ACTIN

66
Q

Thick filaments subunits?

A

assembly of myosin molecules

67
Q

vimentin,GFAP,neurofilament proteins, keratins,nuclear lamins are?

A

intermediate filament family

68
Q

which component of the cytoskeleton plays an important roll in cell division?

A

microtubules

Biochemistry Block 1 (6 decks)

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