Cellular organelles Flashcards
what is a sophisticated entity that can respond to a multitude of stimuli and changes its microenvironment?
THE CELL
It is considered a system for the purification/isolation for a specific type of cell?
MAC SYSTEM
In immunotherapy what type of cells are used ,since they contain antigens?
DENTRITIC CELLS
Which microscope is use to provide better clarity that reveals the cell interior?
The electron microscope
what structures are considered the functional building blocks of cells?
Membrane-enclosed organelles
To where do membrane receptors transmit signals ?
From the extracellular space into the CYTOPLASM
Depending on the cell type , the nucleus can range in ________ diameter?
2 to 20 micrometers
which membrane organelle contains most of the genetic information (chromosomes) and it is the major site of gene regulation?
NUCLEUS
what are the specialized structure that package and order the DNA into structural units called NUCLEOSOMES?
HISTONES
What are the 5 major families of histones?
H1/H5 H2A H2B H3 H4
H1/H5 are?
linker histones(locks DNA into place)
what are the core histones?
H2A,H2B,H3,H4
A blue fluorescent DNA stain that exhibits (aprox)20 folds enhancement of fluorescence upon binding to AT regions of dsDNA is?
DAPI(4-6 DIAMIDINO-2-PHENYLINDOLE,DILACTATE)
Each animal cell has a single nucleus except?
skeletal muscle and neutrophils,eosinophils and basophils which have granulocytes segmented nucleus
PMN’S(polymorphonuclear cells family) are?
neutrophils,eosinophils and basophils
this type of cell is the most abundant , has the capability to phagocyte, engulf bacteria and has 3 or more lobes?
neutrophils
this type of cell has 2 lobes, has the capability of engulfing and destroys foreign cells, by releasing a specialized chemical that kills bacteria?
eosinophils
this type of cell has more than one lobe, releases histamine at site of tissue injury and releases heparin?
basophil
what provides structural support in the nuclear envelope?
LAMINS
What provides a transport pathway between the cytoplasm and the nuclear interior?
NUCLEAR PORES
T/F
all the RNA transcripts that are produced in the nucleus must pass through nuclear pores to be translated in the cytoplasm?
TRUE
what are the two types of chromatin?
Euchromatin and heterochromatin
which type of chromatin is loosely packed region which stains light and it is considered transcriptionally active chromatin?
EUCHROMATIN
which type of chromatin is densely packed and stains dark and it is transcriptionally inactive?
HETEROCHROMATIN
What provides support to the nuclear envelope and has nuclear reassembly ?
NUCLEAR LAMINA
which disease is characterized for a mutation in gene LAMIN A and causes premature aging?
PROGERIA
Where is the major site of protein synthesis?
RIBOSOMES
T/F Do ribosomes exist free in the cytosol?
TRUE
what is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Protein synthesis, ion sequestration/release and processing/trafficking of membrane associated and secreted proteins
which part of the ER participates in lipid synthesis?
The smooth ER
Which membrane bound organelle also serves as a major reservoir for calcium ions ?
ER
Which ion plays a major role in intracellular signaling?
Ca2+
which organelle is responsible for packing proteins, processing station that participates in protein maturation and targets newly synthesized proteinsto their appropriate subcellular destinations?
GOLGI COMPLEX
describe the pathway of packing proteins??
rER—-GOLGI COMPLEX—VESICLES–CELL MEMBRANE–FUSED LARGER LIPID BILAYER
What are the functions of the mitochondria?
lipid/carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative phosporilation and ATP synthesis.
which organelle participates in the metabolism of molecules for excretion and in the destruction of oxidative free radicals.
MITOCHONDRIA
What is intrinsic apoptosis?
programmed cell death due to DNA damage or oxidative stress.
programmed cell death is know as
APOPTOSIS
what is extrinsic apoptosis?
programmed cell death due to cellular receptors in plasma membrane
what is the function of B-cell lymphoma 2(BCl2)?
promotes cellular survival by inhibiting the action of pro-apoptotic proteins.
on the intrinsic apoptosis cascade what initiates the apoptotic cascade?
CYTC, APAF1 AND CASPASE9
What are the pro-apototic proteins?
BAX/BAK
Describe the apoptotic cascade…
- cytc, APAF1 and CASPASE9
- apoptosome
- caspase 3
- caspase 6
- caspase 7
- apoptosis
which regulatory protein mediates the uptake of Ca+ across the mitochondrial inner membrane and into the matrix ?
MCU with regulatory protein MICU
Where is the mtDNA or mDNA located?
in the mitochondria
T/F does most of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA?
TRUE
Mythocondrial dysfunction in Huntigntons disease is caused by?
expression of abnormal huntingtin protein
which type of disease causes progressive brain disorder that causes uncontrolled movements,emotional problems and loss of thinking ability ?
HUNTINGTONS DISEASE
How many genes does mitochondrial DNA contains?
14-15 genes
which organlle was initially proposed as cellular waste resulting from cell damage?
exosomes
type of organelle involved in complex cargo of proteins , lipids and nucleic acids and are capable of delivering these cargos to the target cells they encounter?
exosomes
which organelle is considered the cell’s trash incinerator ?
Lysosomes
which type of proton pump ensures that the lysosome espace maintains its extremely acidic environment , which aids in protein hydrolysis?
V-ATPASE PUMP
Which disease is the most common type of lysosomal storage diseases?
GAUCHER
What is TAY SACHS Disease?
another type of lysosomal storage diseases
in the cytoplasm which organelles have unknow shape ?
endosomes, peroxisomes and transport vesicles
it is considered a non amorphous structure but it is organized by the cytoskeleton?
CYTOPLASM
The cytoskeleton is composed of what kind of protein filaments?
intermediate filaments, microtubules, thin filaments , thick filaments
how many histones contains the nucleosome?
8 histones
how many levels of compactation has the DNA?
5 levels
what are the subunits of a microtubule?
heterodimers of alfa-beta tubulin form long protofilaments
function of microtubules are?
structural support and basis for several types of subcellular motility , show dynamic instability
what are the subunits of intermediate filaments?
tetramer of two coiled dimers
function of intermediate filaments ?
structural support , predominant keratins (nails,hair, outer skin layers )
what are the subunits of thin filaments?
globular or G-actin arrange in a double helix to form fibrous or F-ACTIN
Thick filaments subunits?
assembly of myosin molecules
vimentin,GFAP,neurofilament proteins, keratins,nuclear lamins are?
intermediate filament family
which component of the cytoskeleton plays an important roll in cell division?
microtubules
