Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, CO2, Ca2+, Mg2+, H2PO4-)

Question 1

What are electrolytes?

Answer 1

Substances whose molecules that split into ions when place into water

Question 2

How does the hypothalamus regulate electrolytes?

Answer 2

It secretes ADH when Na+ is increased

Question 3

How does the Adrenal Glands regulate electrolytes?

Answer 3

It secretes Aldosterone in response to low Na+

Question 4

Name 3 intracellular electrolytes

Answer 4

K+, Mg2+, and HPO4

Question 5

Name 3 extracellular electrolytes

Answer 5

Na+, Ca+, Cl-, and HCO3-

Question 6

What are causes of HYPERnatremia

Answer 6

Excess water loss (type 1 DM), decreased water intake, sodium retention (hyperaldosteronism(Cushing disease))

Question 7

What are causes of HYPOnatremia

Answer 7

Excess Na+ loss (hypoaldosteronism (Addison’s disease)), excess H2O retention

Question 8

What are symptoms of HYPERkalemia

Answer 8

Muscle tingling, weakness, and numbness, cardiac arrhythmia

Question 9

What are symptoms of HYPOkalemia

Answer 9

Polyuria, polydipsia, confusion, lethargy, cardiac arrhythmia

Question 10

What is the chloride shift

Answer 10

Exchange of bicarbonate for chloride ions across the RBC membrane

Question 11

What are causes for low anion gap

Answer 11

Hypoalbuminemia or severe hypercalcemia

Question 12

What are causes for a high anion gap

Answer 12

Cl- and HCO3- decrease to compensate for increase of other anions or severe hypernatremia