Electrolytes Flashcards
Electrolyte Concentration Equation
mEq/L = (ion concentration)/(atomic weight of ion)) * # of electrical charges on one ion
ECF Major cation inside the cell is….
Na+
ECF Mayor anion outside the cell is….
Cl-
ICF is low in what two elements?
Na+ and Cl-
Major cation and anion for ICF
Cation= K+ INSIDE cell Anion = phosphate group
Dehydration
ECF water loss -> cells shrink from ECF Os pressure increase
Cottony mucosa, thirst, dry flushed skin (oliguria)
also called hypernatremia
Hypotonic Hydration
Overhydration from rapid excess of water; causes hyponatremia (low Na+ lvls).
treat with hypertonic saline
ECF os pressure decreased
Edema
Atypical accumulation of interstitial fluid => tissue swelling.
= only IF volume increases. Increases diffusion distance of blood to receive nutrients into the cells.
Hyperkalemia
Renal failure. Low aldosterone lvls. From burns most likely. Flaccid paralysis
Hypokalemia
GI disturbances. Caused by crushing’s syndrome, starvation, hyperadosteronism.
Leads to flattened T wave. METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
Hypercholremia
Caused by dehydration, increased retention; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; and hyperthyroidism.
No direct symptoms
Hypocholremia
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS; from vomitting or excessive increase in alkaloid foods. Aldosterone deficiency.
No direct symptoms
Hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism; excessive Vitamin D. Renal disease-malignancy.
Leads to kidney stones and neuromuscular excitability
Hypocalcemia
Ca is trapped in damaged tissue.
Hypoparathyroidism from Vitamind D deficiency. ALKALOSIS.
Leads to tingling fingers, tremors, convulsions, osteomalacia and fractures
Severe electrolyte deficiency diseases and prompts
leads to craving of salty or sour foods.
Common in Addison’s Disease (not enough aldosterone produced)
and
Pica (where person eats chalky starch or clay)
Concentration of Na+ determines….
osmolarity of ECF and influences excitability of neurons and muscles
remains stable
-> ADH and thirst mechanisms regulate this
Osmoreceptors
Content of Na+ determines…
ECF volume => Blood pressure in Total Body Content
-> RAAS and ANP hormone mechanisms regulate this
Baroreceptors
Estrogen in electrolytes
Increase NaCl Reabsorption (leads to retention of water during menstrual and pregnancy)
Progesterone in electrolytes
decrease Na+ reabsorption which promotes Na+ and water loss
Baroreceptros
alert brain to increase blood volume.
Sympathetic nervous system.
Afferent arterioles dialate and GFR increases
Potassium Importance
Affects RMP. Aldosterone stimulates K+ secretion by principal cells.
K+ controls its own EFC concentrations via feedback regulation of aldosterone release
Hydrogen Ion regulation mechanisms
- Chemical Buffer (first line of defense- rapid)
- Phosphate Buffer system: resist pH changes
- Brain Stem Respiratory Centers
- Renal Mechanism (most potent but takes a long time to act)
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Caused by failure of respiratory system to perform pH-Balancing role.
Look at bicarbonate levels
MOST IMPORTANT INDICATOR IS BLOOD Pco2
Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis
Abnormalities than Pco2 in blood
indicated by abnormal HCO3- levels
Respiratory Acidosis
Acid-base imbalances
Decrease in ventilation or gas exchange (pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, emphysema)
Above 45mm Hg
From impaired lung function, ventilatory movement (chest injury), or narcotic overdose or injury to brain stem.
Respiratory Alkalosis
Common result of hyperventilation.
CO2 eliminated faster than produced
From strong emotions, hypoxemia (altitude and asthma pneumonia)
Metabolic Acidosis
Low Blood pH and HCO3.
Too much alcohol (converted to acetic acid) persistent diarrhea. Accumulation of lactic acid.
Metabolic Alkalosis
Rising blood pH and HCO3-
vomiting of acid contents.
Lungs decrease breathing (respiratory compensation)
