Electrolytes

Question 1

Electrolyte Concentration Equation

Answer 1

mEq/L = (ion concentration)/(atomic weight of ion)) * # of electrical charges on one ion

Question 2

ECF Major cation inside the cell is….

Answer 2

Na+

Question 3

ECF Mayor anion outside the cell is….

Answer 3

Cl-

Question 4

ICF is low in what two elements?

Answer 4

Na+ and Cl-

Question 5

Major cation and anion for ICF

Answer 5

Cation= K+ INSIDE cell
Anion = phosphate group

Question 6

Dehydration

Answer 6

ECF water loss -> cells shrink from ECF Os pressure increase
Cottony mucosa, thirst, dry flushed skin (oliguria)
also called hypernatremia

Question 7

Hypotonic Hydration

Answer 7

Overhydration from rapid excess of water; causes hyponatremia (low Na+ lvls).
treat with hypertonic saline
ECF os pressure decreased

Question 8

Edema

Answer 8

Atypical accumulation of interstitial fluid => tissue swelling.
= only IF volume increases. Increases diffusion distance of blood to receive nutrients into the cells.

Question 9

Hyperkalemia

Answer 9

Renal failure. Low aldosterone lvls. From burns most likely. Flaccid paralysis

Question 10

Hypokalemia

Answer 10

GI disturbances. Caused by crushing’s syndrome, starvation, hyperadosteronism.
Leads to flattened T wave. METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

Question 11

Hypercholremia

Answer 11

Caused by dehydration, increased retention; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; and hyperthyroidism.
No direct symptoms

Question 12

Hypocholremia

Answer 12

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS; from vomitting or excessive increase in alkaloid foods. Aldosterone deficiency.
No direct symptoms

Question 13

Hypercalcemia

Answer 13

Hyperparathyroidism; excessive Vitamin D. Renal disease-malignancy.
Leads to kidney stones and neuromuscular excitability

Question 14

Hypocalcemia

Answer 14

Ca is trapped in damaged tissue.
Hypoparathyroidism from Vitamind D deficiency. ALKALOSIS.
Leads to tingling fingers, tremors, convulsions, osteomalacia and fractures

Question 15

Severe electrolyte deficiency diseases and prompts

Answer 15

leads to craving of salty or sour foods.
Common in Addison’s Disease (not enough aldosterone produced)
and
Pica (where person eats chalky starch or clay)

Question 16

Concentration of Na+ determines….

Answer 16

osmolarity of ECF and influences excitability of neurons and muscles
remains stable
-> ADH and thirst mechanisms regulate this
Osmoreceptors

Question 17

Content of Na+ determines…

Answer 17

ECF volume => Blood pressure in Total Body Content
-> RAAS and ANP hormone mechanisms regulate this
Baroreceptors

Question 18

Estrogen in electrolytes

Answer 18

Increase NaCl Reabsorption (leads to retention of water during menstrual and pregnancy)

Question 19

Progesterone in electrolytes

Answer 19

decrease Na+ reabsorption which promotes Na+ and water loss

Question 20

Baroreceptros

Answer 20

alert brain to increase blood volume.
Sympathetic nervous system.
Afferent arterioles dialate and GFR increases

Question 21

Potassium Importance

Answer 21

Affects RMP. Aldosterone stimulates K+ secretion by principal cells.
K+ controls its own EFC concentrations via feedback regulation of aldosterone release

Question 22

Hydrogen Ion regulation mechanisms

Answer 22

1. Chemical Buffer (first line of defense- rapid)
   
   • Phosphate Buffer system: resist pH changes
2. Brain Stem Respiratory Centers
3. Renal Mechanism (most potent but takes a long time to act)

Question 23

Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis

Answer 23

Caused by failure of respiratory system to perform pH-Balancing role.
Look at bicarbonate levels
MOST IMPORTANT INDICATOR IS BLOOD Pco2

Question 24

Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis

Answer 24

Abnormalities than Pco2 in blood

indicated by abnormal HCO3- levels

Question 25

Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 25

Acid-base imbalances
Decrease in ventilation or gas exchange (pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, emphysema)
Above 45mm Hg
From impaired lung function, ventilatory movement (chest injury), or narcotic overdose or injury to brain stem.

Question 26

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 26

Common result of hyperventilation.
CO2 eliminated faster than produced
From strong emotions, hypoxemia (altitude and asthma pneumonia)

Question 27

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 27

Low Blood pH and HCO3.

Too much alcohol (converted to acetic acid) persistent diarrhea. Accumulation of lactic acid.

Question 28

Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 28

Rising blood pH and HCO3-
vomiting of acid contents.
Lungs decrease breathing (respiratory compensation)