Electrolytes Flashcards
1
Q
role of 1,25 OH vit D
A
absorption of calcium and phosphate
2
Q
cause of low 1,25 OH vit D
A
malabsorption
3
Q
hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia
A
1,25 OH vit d deficiency
4
Q
quid of winter foormula
A
to see if metabolic acidosis has respiratory compensation
5
Q
expected PACO2 in metabolic acidosis with good respiratory compensation
A
1,5(hco3-)+8 +-2
6
Q
calculation of anion gap acidosis
A
Nacl-(cl +Bicarb)
7
Q
Normal anion gap
A
< 12
8
Q
quid CO2 acid ou basique
A
acide
9
Q
respiratory compensation in alkalosis metabolic
A
Increase of co2
10
Q
clue for respiratory acidosis
A
increase of co2
11
Q
compensation of respiratory acidosis
A
increase bicarb to compensate
12
Q
quid of bicarb acid ou base
A
basique
13
Q
what happen in metabolic acidosis(2)
A
decreased HCO3
CO2 decreases to compensate
14
Q
what happen in respiratory alkalosis(2)
A
co2 decreased
bicarb decreased to compensate
15
Q
what happen in metabolic alkalosis(2)
A
bicarb increased
increase co2 to compensate
16
Q
pregnant women with bicarb 44 PH 7,49 why
A
hyperemesis gravidarum causing metabolic alkalosis
17
Q
physiopatho of high bicarb in vomiting(2)
A
Perte de H+ in vomiting
stimulation of RAA —>retention d’eau de sodium et de HCO3 -
18
Q
causes of metabolic alkalosis(3)
A
vomiting
excess of mineralocorticoid
diuretic use
19
Q
hypocalcemia in patient receiving large amount of blood
A
chelation of calcium by citrate in blood product
20
Q
when to suspect hypocalcemia
A
in any case of massive transfusion
21
Q
why hypomagnesemia can mimic hypocalcemia(2)
A
because it causes low PTH
decrease peripheral responsiveness to PTH
22
Q
clue for alveolar hypoventilation
A
high Paco2 in a context of acidosis
23
Q
Normal Pao2
A
75-105
24
Q
normal PaCO2
A
33-45 mm de Hg
25
cause of alveolar hypoventilation and respiratory acidosis(4)
pulmonary thoracic disease
neuro muscular disease
drug induced hypoventilation
primary central nervous system dysfunction
26
pulmonary thoracic disease causing alveolar hypoventilation(4)
COPD
obstruction sleep apnea
scoliosis
obesity hypoventilation
27
neuro muscular disease causing alveolar hypoventilation(3)
Myastheni gravis
lambert eaton syndrome
GB syndrome
28
drugs induced alveolar hypoventilation(3)
sedatives
narcotics
anesthetics
29
primary nervous system disease causing hypoventilation(3)
brainstem lesion
infection
stroke
30
how's A-A nin hypoventilation syndrome
normal < 15
31
cause of hypoxemia(5)
```
reduced inspired o2 tension
hypoventilation
diffusion limitation
shunt
V/q mismatch
```
32
abnormal acid base disturbance in house fire
metabolic acidosis
33
why metabolic acidosis in house fire(2)
low o2 delivery in tissue
| accumulation of lactic acid
34
what happen in metabolic acidosis in house fire
it's carbon monoxyde poisonning
35
quid of Type A lactic acidosis(2)
co poisonning
| circulatory failure
36
why co poisonning causes acid lactic accumulation
because 02 delivery is decreased in tissues
37
hypotension in a context of TB and hypereosinophilia
primary adrenal insufficiency
38
acid base disturbance in primary adrenal insufficiency(4)
acidose metabolic with normal anion gap
hyponatrmia
hyperkaliemia
hypercalcemia
39
cause of primary adrenal insufficiency(4)
autoimmune
infection
metastatic
hemorragic infarction
40
infection causing primary adrenal insufficiency(3)
TB
cryptococus
HIV
41
patinet seen with hypotension,hyperpigmentation of skin on palamr creases what metabolic problem you expect to find ?
hyperkaliemia
42
the most common electrolytes abnormality in adrenal insufficiency
hyponatremia
43
patient with PCP develops hyperkaliemia why
rx with TMS
44
why TMS causes high K+
by blocking the epithelial sodium channelin the collecting tubule
45
what other drug has the same action than TMS in the physiopatho of HyperK+
K+ sparing diuretic
46
why Creat can be high during TMS intake
it inhibits renal tubular of creat secretion
47
side effect of lithium
diabetes insipidus
48
clue for DI
plasma osmolarity > urine osmolarity
49
clue for central DI(4)
Trauma
hemorrage
infection
tumors
50
cause of renal DI(4)
Lithium
hypercalcemia
hypokaliemia
tubulointersticial disease
51
drugs causing nephrogenic DI(5)
```
lithium
memeclocycline
foscarnet
cidofovir
amphotericin B
```
52
rx of lithium induced DI(2)
salt restriction
| stop lithium
53
rx of vomiting induce metabolic alkalosis
NACL 0,9%
plus
K+
54
why HCO- is elevated during vomiting(2)
retention of Hco3- in blood
| stimulation of RAA
55
why you have retention of HCO3 - in blood(2)
acid stimulates pancreas to release HCO3- in intestinal lumen
vomiting----->no Hcl --->no pancreas stimulation
56
quid of generation phase(2)
acid stimulates pancreas to release HCO3- in intestinal lumen
vomiting----->no Hcl --->no pancreas stimulation
57
quid of maintenance phase of HCO3- (2)
stimulation of RAA system
| retention of HCO3_
58
how they call alkalosis induce by vomiting
contracting alkalosis
59
edema and red blood cells cast and HTA
acute nephritic syndrome
60
cause of edema in acute nephritic syndrome
decrease filtration rate
| retention of Na+ and H2O by kidneys
61
primary mechanism in nephritic syndrome
primary glomerular damage
62
patient with exacerbation of COPD ,what medication can be used to treat hyperkaliemia in this patient
succinylcholine
63
action succcinyl choline(2)
K+ release
| neuromuscular blocker depolarising
64
patient for whom we can't use succinylcholine(3)
crush injury or burn injuries >8 H
demyelinating syndrome like GBS
tumor lysis syndrome
65
crush injury or burn injuries >8 H
demyelinating syndrome like GBS
tumor lysis syndrome
med can be used to rx hyperkaliemia in this patients(2)
vecuronium
| rocuronium
66
electrolyte problem in alcoholism
hypophosphatemia
hypokaliemia
hypomg++
67
rebellious hypokaliemia in alcoholic next step
rx hypomagnesemia
68
why hypo Mg++ causes rebelious hypokaliemia
Mg++ is a cofactor of K+ intake
69
what to do in rx of hypokaliemia in patient alcoholic
check Mg++ level
70
other cause of hypoMg++
diuretics
71
patients with severe abdominal pain develops lactic acidosis with anion gap
bowel ischemia
72
whe to suspect bowel ischemia(2)
any patient with AFIB or atherosclerosis
| and abdominal pain
73
main symptom of hyponatremia
seizures
74
what rate should be used inthe rx of hypokaliemia
hypertonic saline or 3%
| rate no more 0,5meq/l /h
75
why hyponatremia should be corrected slowly
to avoid osmotic demyelinating syndrome
76
what will happen if you correct hyponatremia too quickly
cerebral edema will occur
77
most common cause of cushing syndrome
iatrogenic use of corticosteroid
78
electrolyte problem in cushing(2)
hypokaliemia
hypernatremia
corticoid=aldosterone
79
quid of normal anion gap
6-12
80
cause of normal anion gap
presence of acid molecule
81
quid of acid molecule(4)
protein
citrate
phosphate
sulfate
82
most common cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis(6)
```
lasctic acidosis
ketoacidosis
methanol formaldehyde ingestion
ethylene glycol ingestion
salycilate poisonning
uremia
```
83
acid found in ketoacidosis
b hydroxybutyrate
| acetoacetic acid
84
why uremia is marked by acidosis in end stage renal disease
impaired excretion of ion H+
85
first thing to check in front of metabolic acidosis
check the anion gap
86
why anion gap metabolic acidosis in post seizure
accumulation of lactic acid in blood
87
what to in metabolic acidosis after seizure
do nothing
| recheck after 60-90 mn(2 hours )
88
electrolyte problem in vomiting
low chlore
low H+
high HCO3_
low K+
89
why hypochloremia in vomiting
GI loss
90
why low K+(2) in vomiting
stimulation of RAA
| aldosterone causes secretion of H+ et K+
91
cause of ketoacidosis(3)
diabete type 1
starvation
alcoholism
92
acid accumulation in formaldehyde ingestion
acid formic
93
substance causing primary metabolic acidosis with high anion gap and primary respiratory alkalosis
salycylate
94
acid causing anion gap acidosis in glycolene ethylene ingestion(2)
acid oxalic
| acid glycolic
95
salycilate intox clue(3)
fever
tinnitus
tachypnea
vomiting
96
metabolic problem ion salycilate ingestion(3)
Normal PH
low PAco2
low HCO3-
97
best indicator to talk about metabolic acidosis(2)
HCO3-
| not the PH
98
why primary respiratory alkalosis in aspirin toxicity
increase respiratory drive
99
cause of metabolic acidosis in aspirin intox(2)
increase production of acid
| decrease renal clearance of organic acids
100
what's the appropriate respiratory compensation in front of metabolic alkalosis
1 meq rise of hco3-=0,77 mm de hg rise of co2
101
compensation ina cute respiratory alkalosis
decrease serum HCO3- de 2 meq/l for every 10mm de HG decrease of Paco2
102
the most common cause of hypernatremia
hypovolemia
103
people at risk for hypovolemia(2)
debilitated
| unconscious
104
proof of severe hypernatremia
altered mental status
105
rx of severe hypernatremia
o,9 normal saline
106
rx of moderate hypernatremia
d/s 0,45
107
calculation of PH
6,1+log(hco3-/0,03*paco2
108
logic of rx of metabolic alkalosis
increase excretion of HCO3-
109
classification of metabolic alkalosis(2)
saline responsive
| saline resistant
110
cause of saline responsive metabolic alkalosis(5)
```
vomiting
gastric suctionning
diuretics
laxative abuse
low oral fluid intake
```
111
saline resistant alkalosis(4)
primary hyperaldosteronism
cushing
severe hypokaliemia <2 meq
barter /gitelman syndrome
112
action of NACL during rx of saline responsive metabolic alkalosis(3)
increase of chlore
restore arterial volume
increase bicarb excretion
113
complication of tumor lysis syndrome
hyper K+
114
3 ways in Rx Hyper K+
stabilization of the membrane with IV gluconate de calcium
shift K intracelularly
decrease K+ in the body
115
best way to shift K+ intra cellularly
insulin plus glucose
116
patient with metabolic acidosis develops lethargy and high PCO2 why
hypoventilation
117
high PCO2 in a context of metabolic acidosis Dx
hypoventilation
118
cause of accumulation of CO2(2)
confusion
| lethargy
119
good compensation of metabolic acidosis(2)
tachypnee
| low co2
120
clue for SIADH(5)
```
euvolemic hyponatremia
low serum osmolarity
high urine osmolarity
increassed sodium excretion
failure to correct with normal saline infusion
```
121
clue for chloride sensitive metabolic alkalosis
urine chloride <20
122
clue for chloride resistant metabolic alkalosis
urine chloride > 20
123
2 grandes cause of hyponatremia(2)
SIADH
| primary polydipsia
124
hyponatremia plus low urine osmolarity < 100 mosm/kg
primary polydypsia
| malnutrition(beer potomania)
125
patient at risk for primary polydypsia
psychiatric conditions (schizophrenia)
126
consequence of hyponatremia(4)
lethargy
confusion
convulsion
psychosis
127
role of B2 agonist in rx of hyperkaliemia
shift K+ intracellurlarly
128
medication used tor x hyperkaliemia(3)
insulin/glucose
sodium bicarb
B2 agonist
129
patient after breakup develops orthostatic hypotension,hypokaliemia hyponatremia,high K+ and Na+ in Urine why
diuretic abuse
130
most common cause of hyperkaliemia(5)
```
renal failure acute or chronic
medication
disruption of SRAA axis
hyperglycemia
tumor lysis syndrome
```
131
symptom of hyperkaliemia
flaccid paralysis
132
medication causing hyper k+(6)
```
Non B2 adrenergic blockers
ACE inhibitor
ARBS
K+ sparing diuretics
cardiac glycosid
NSAIDS
```
133
patient with cirrhosis develops metabolic alkalosis with high creat and hypok+ cause
loop diuretic use
134
what to do when creat is high
determine if it 's prenal or renal failure
135
IR induce d by loop diuretics
prerenal problem
136
2 things to do in front of any metabolic acidosis(2)
1-calculation of anion gap
| 2-winter formula
137
patient with COPD exacerbation and right ventricular failure how will be the PH
PH <7,35=7,32
respiratory acidosis
high bicarb to compensate
138
for the patient with COPD exacerbation and right ventricular failure furosemide is given ,ph is 7,31(avant 7,32) bicarb: 18 why decrease of bicarb
because of uremia=metabolic acidosis
139
the patient on diuretics develop hypokaliemia and renal failure why
because of the diuretics given
140
action of diuretics
diuretic loops cause high excretion of NA+ et K+
causes metabolic alkalosis
but when you have high BUN,you can have a drastic decrease of Hco3_causing metabolic acidosis
141
acute renal injury caused by diuretic consequence and why
metabolic acidosis will develop
| defaut d'excretion d'ion H+
142
level of BUN to have metabolic acidosis in acute kidney failure
a partir de 60mg/dl
143
reflexes in hypomagnesemia
decreased tendon reflexes
144
GBS
guillain barre
145
mechanism of heparin induced hyper K+
block aldosterone production
146
mechanism of NSAIDS induced hyper K+
decreased renal perfusion causes decrease K+ delivery in the collectinf tubules
147
mechanism of succynilcholine induced hyper K+
cause extracellular leakage of K+ through acetylcholine receptor
148
mechanism of cyclosporine induced hyper K+
blocks aldosterone activity
149
mechanism of digitalis induced hyper K+
inhibition of NA+K-ATPASE pump
150
mechanism of ACE inhibitor induced hyper K+
inhibition of aldosterone or the ENAC channel
151
mechanism of b blocker induced hyper K+
interferes with b2 mediated intracellular k+ intake
152
Patient with cirrhosis and vomitind developsmetabolic alkalosis,best next step
volume resucitation to rx alkalosis
153
mechanism of edema(4)
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
decreased capillary oncotic pressure
increased capillary permeability
lymphatic obstruction/increased intersticial oncotic pressure
154
cause of increased capillary hydrostatic pressure(3)
heart failure
primary brenal sodium retention (renal disease)
venous obstruction
155
cause of venous obstruction(2)
cirrhosis
| venous insufficiency
156
cause of decreased capillary oncotic pressure(2)
protein loss
| decreased albumin synthesis
157
cause of protein loss(2)
SN
| protein losing enteropathy
158
cause of decreased protein synthesis(2)
cirrhosis
| malnutrition
159
cause of increased capillary permeability(4)
burn trauma sepsis
allergic rx
ARDS
malignant ascites
160
cause of lymphatic obstruction and increased intersticial oncotic presure(3)
malignant ascites
hypothyroidism
lymph node dissection
161
risk factor for bowel ischemia(2)
AFIB
| PAD
162
acid base disturbance in bowel ischemia
metabolic acidosis
163
symptom of severe hypernatremia
neurologic symptom
164
envelope shaped crystals in ethylene glycol poisonning
calcium oxalate crystals
165
quid of hypotension plus hypovolemia
hypovolemic hyponatremia
166
cause of hypovolemic hyponatremia(4)
volume depletion
primary adrenal insufficiency
GI losses
renal losses
167
why hyponatremia in hypovolemia(3)
hypovolemia causes stimulation of Renine AA axis
-relargage of ADH
ADH causes retentionn of water and sodium dilution
168
inappropriate ADH elevation(2)
hypervolemic hyponatremia
| euvolemic hyponatremia
169
cause of hypervolemic hyponatremia(4)
cirrhosis
haert failure
chronic kidney disease
SN
170
euvolemic hyponatremia(4)
SIADH
primary polydipsia
secondary adrenal insufficiency
hypothyroidism
171
fever a 40 plus hypotension
septic shock
172
acid base disturbance in septic shock
anion gap metabolic acidosis
173
rx of anion gap metabolic acidosis caaused by shock
IV 0,9% saline solution
174
metabolic acidosis with low urine excretion
chlorine sensitive metabolic acidosis
175
quid of low urine Na+ excretion
< 20 Meq/day
176
cause of chlorine sensitive metabolic acidosis
volume contraction
177
quid of volume contraction(2)
vomiting
| diarrhee
178
patient with metabolic acidosis develops high PACO2 ,more than normal compensation according to winter formula DX
mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis
179
acid base in loop diuretic (3)
Metabolis alkalosis
hypokaliemia
high creat
180
condition to have metabolic acidosis during loop diuretic failure
when loop diuretics cause acute kidney injury with uremia >60
